Friday, January 28, 2011

රාවණ වංශය විනාශ කළ නොහැක

මහාවංශයට වඩා ඉපැරැණි ලියෑවිල්ලක් වන වරිග පූර්ණිකා නම් යක්ෂ ජන සමූහයාට අයත් පුස්කොළ පොතෙහි ශ්රී රාවණ අධිරාජයාගේ නාමය යගු කෞරාණ මන්ඨක ලෙස සඳහන් වේ. මන්ඨක යනු යකුය. එබැවින් එම නාමයෙහි සිංහල තේරුම “සියල්ල සම්පූර්ණ කළ යකා” වේ.
රාවණා යුගයෙන් පසුව එතුමාගේ රවිශෛලාශ හෙවත් ඉරුගල් බණ්ඩාර යක්ෂ පරපුර ඉන්ද්රජිත් (මේඝනාද) ලෙස ප්රචලිත ශ්රී රාවණ රජු හා මදෝරා (මන්දෝතාරා) දේවියගේ දෙටු පුත්රයාගෙන් පැවත එමින් අද දක්වා ලංකා පොළොව මත ජීවත් වෙයි. රාවණා සම්බන්ධ පුවත වළලා දමා හෙළ ජනසම්භවය මැකීමේ මහා කුමන්ත්රණයට බ්රිතානීන් ද සම්මාදම් වෙමින් ලංකා ඉතිහාසයෙන් රාවණා යුගය ඉවත් කර ඇත. ඉන්දියාවේ කාලිංග වංශික විජය මෙරට ආදිතම රජු ලෙස දක්වන අලුත් ඉතිහාසයක් ඔවුන්ගේ අධ්යාපන ක්රමය ඔස්සේ ලංකාවේ අපට බලෙන් ඒත්තු ගන්වා තිබේ. නමුත් බෞද්ධයකු නොවන විජය හෙළ ජන සමාජය සමූල ඝාතනයට උත්සාහ කළ ප්රබල ආක්රමණිකයකු බව අපට නොවැටහීම අභාග්යයකි. රාම, විජය, එළාර, කාලිංග මාඝ, බ්රව්නින් මෙන්ම ප්රභාකරන් ද මෙරට ජන සම්භවය විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ ආක්රමණිකයන් ලෙස සැලකීම වටී. ඊට එරෙහිව නැගී සිටි ලොව පැරැණිතම ඉතිහාසයක් ඇති රාවණා පරපුර කිසි කලෙකත් නොනැසිය හැකි බලවේගයක් බව වර්තමානයේදී පවා පැහැදිලි වේ.
මහා රාවණ ඉතිහාසයේ එන පුලතිසිපුරය හෙවත් දෙමළ බසින් පුලත්නරු නම් වන පුලතිසි සෘෂිවරයාගේ නගරය මෙරට ස්වර්ණමය යුගයකට උරුමකම් කියන භූමියකි. එහි ඇති පුලතිසි ප්රතිමාව ලංකා ඉතිහාසයේ අනාදිමත් කාලයක් නිරූපණය කරන ප්රබල පුරාවිද්යා සාධකයකි. කිසිදු රාජ්ය ආභරණයක් නොපළඳින උතුම් යෝගිවරයකු ගේ ස්වරූපය පිළිබිඹු වන මෙම ප්රතිමාව පරාක්රමබාහු රජුගේ යෑයි පැවසීම ලක් වැසියන් මුළා කිරීමක් වන අතර එම නගරය පොළොන්නරුව යනුවෙන් ව්යවහාරයට හුරු කිරීම මෙරට ඉතිහාසය වසන් කිරීමේ තවත් වෑයමකි. වර්තමාන පරාක්රම සමුද්රය පිහිටි භූමිය අතීතයේ පුලතිසි සෘෂිවරයාගේ තපෝවනය වේ. පරාක්රමබාහු මහා අධිරාජ්යයා පවා මෙම ප්රතිමාවට පුද සත්කාර කළ රාජ්ය පාලකයෙකි. වර්තමාන පොත්ගුල් විහාරය අතීතයේ මෙරට බෞද්ධ, වෛද්ය ග්රන්ථ හා යන්ත්ර මන්ත්ර රැස් කළ ප්රධාන පුස්තකාලයව පැවැති අතර කාලිංග මාඝගේ ආක්රමණයෙන් මෙහි පැවැති රාවණ යුගයට අයත් ශ්රී රාවණ, පුලතිසි මහා සෘෂිවරුන්ගේ අත් අකුරු සහිත ග්රන්ථ කොටස් පවා විනාශයට පත්විය.

මීළඟ පුරාවිද්යා සාධක හමුවන්නේ වර්තමාන අනුරාධපුර නගරයෙනි. එය ලංකාවේ ප්රබල පාලකයකුව සිටි වෙසමුණි (විශ්රාවාස මුණි) හෙවත් ඉසුරුමත් මුණිවරයාගේ ඉපැරැණි රාජධානිය පැවති ලොව පැරැණිතම ශිෂ්ටාචාර භූමියකි. වෙසමුණි, පුලතිසි මහා සෘෂිවරයාගේ පුත්රයා වන අතර එතුමා මහා රාවණ විභිෂ්බද්ර (විභීෂණ) දසරෝලාන මන්ඨක (කුඹුක්කන්) යන ප්රබල යක් රජුන්ගේ පියාය. “මිල කළ නොහැකි” යන අරුත ඇති වර්තමාන රන් මසු උයන මත පිහිටා ඇති විශ්ව දොරටු සංකේතය. තරු දොරටු සංකල්පයේ මූලාරම්භය වේ.
මෙම සංකේත වර්තමාන පුරාවිද්යාඥයනට හඳුනාගත නොහැක්කේ හා අදහස් ප්රකාශ කළ නොහැක්කේ ඔවුන් තුළ ඉතිහාසය පිළිබඳව ඇති ව්යාකූලත්වය හා රාවණ ඉතිහාසය නොතැකීමේ ආකල්පයයි.
ඉසුරුමුණි විහාරයද අතීතයේ යක්ෂ ජන සමාජයේ ප්රභාමත් ආගමික පූජා භූමියකි. ඉසුරුමුණි පෙම් යුවළ යනු මහා වෙසමුණි රජු හා කෛකාසි දේවියගේ රුව නෙළමින් ලොව ප්රථම මවුපිය දේවාලය ඉදි කළ මහා රාවණ අධිරාජ්යයාගේ නිර්මාණයක් වේ. තවද පුරා විද්යාවෙන් නිසි අර්ථ නිරූපණයක් කර නොමැති ඉසුරුමුණියේ මිනිසා හා අශ්ව හිස රූපය වෙසමුණි රජුගේ නිර්භය නිදහස් චින්තනය නිරූපණය කරයි. වෙස්සගිරි ප්රදේශයද එම ඉපැරැණි යුගයේම නශ්ඨාවශේෂයකි. පසුකාලීන රජවරු මෙම ඉදිකිරීම් මත යම් යම් ප්රතිසංස්කරණ හා අලුත් ගොඩනැඟිලි කර ඇතත් ස්වභාව ධර්මයට ගරු කළ යක්ෂ ජනතාව පරිසර හිතකාමී නගර නිර්මාණකරුවන්ගේ ආරම්භයන් බව එම ප්රදේශ සාක්ෂි දරයි.
වර්තමාන නාලන්දා ගෙඩිගෙය නොහොත් අතීතයේ ලෝකයේ මධ්ය රේඛාව පිහිටි තැන ලෙස සැලකෙන මාතලේ (මහාපොළොතලේ) සූර්ය දේවාලය ලංකාවේ යක්ෂ ජනතාව තුළ තිබූ පිටසක්වල ජීවය පිළිබඳ විශ්වාස ඉස්මතු කරන මිල කළ නොහැකි වටිනා වස්තුවකි. එයද කිසිවකුගේ අවධානයට ලක් නොවී විනාශයට යමින් පවතී. එහි තිබෙන සමහර අංග කෞතුකාගාරය වෙත පවරා ගැනීම කාලීන අවශ්යතාවකි. මහා රාවණ අධිරාජ්යයාගේ පුත් ඉන්ද්රජිත් හෙවත් ඉරුගල් බණ්ඩාර පිටසක්වල ජීවීන් සමග සම්බන්ධතා ගොඩනගා ගන්නට උනන්දු වූ මහා පඬිවරයෙකි. එතුමාගේ ගුප්ත විද්යා පර්යේෂණ සඳහා ශබ්ද තරංග යොදාගත් අතර වරිග පූර්ණිකාවට අනුව මෙම ක්රමවේදය “සෙප්පඩමජ වි-ජා” ලෙස හඳුන්වයි. එහෙත් වර්තමාන ව්යාවහාරයේ එය ගර්හිත යෙදුමක් ලෙස භාවිතයට පුරුදු කිරීමෙන් එහි වැදගත්කම යට ගසා ඇත.
ලෝකයට “මමී” හෙවත් නරක් නොවන සේ සිරුරු පවත්වා ගැනීමේ විද්යාව දායාද කළේ රාවණ අධිරාජ්යයා විසින් ප්රගුණ කරනු ලැබූ ආයුවේදය හෙවත් ආයුෂ වර්ධන විද්යාවයි. රාවණ ඉතිහාසායේ ඉපැරැණි මූලාශ්ර ග්රන්ථයක් වන්නේ සිව රජුගේ අහස්තල බෙදීම හා හෝරාශාස්ත්රයයි. ඒ අනුව තාරකා විද්යාවේ ආරම්භයද ඉපැරැණි හෙළයන්ගේය. ඔවුහුද ශ්රී රාවණාට ප්රථම මෙරට සිටි මහා සිව රජුගේ පරපුරේ ආදිතමයෝය. එබැවින් මෙරට

රාජවංශයේද නොයෙක් රජුන් සිව යන්න පෙළපත් නමක් ලෙස භාවිත කළහ. (උදා:- මුටසිව, මහාසිව) සිව රජුද ආදි හෙළයෙකි. එබැවින් රාවණ රජු සිවස්තෝත්රය රචනා කළ අතර එය අද දක්වා හින්දූන් හා ඉන්දියානු දෙමළ ජනයා සිව දෙවි වන්දනාවට යොදාගනිති. එසේම පුරාණයේ ලක් ජනතාව අතර ප්රචලිතව පැවැති රාවණ මන්ත්රයක් මෙසේය.
“ඕම් රාවණ සිද්ධම් සිද්ධම් බල වරම්”
“ඕම් සරවණ භව සිද්ධම් සිද්ධි බල වරම්”
ශ්රී රාවණ අධිරාජ්යයාගේ බලය හා ශක්තියට ප්රතිවිරුද්ධ බලවේග අතීතයේ සිට මේ දක්වාම ක්රියාත්මක වී පවතී. අභිචාරවත් නිට්ටෑවන් නම් සත්ත්ව විශේෂය ප්රමුඛ කර වානරයන් වෙනුවෙන් යම් යම් ඉදිකිරීම් කරමින් මෙරට රාම වාදයක් ව්යාප්ත කිරීමේ අදහසින් අතීතයේ සිට වර්තමානය දක්වා යක්ෂ සංහාරයට උත්සාහ දැරූ විදේශික බලවේග රැසකි. පණ්ඩුකාභය, ගාමිණි අභය, විජයබාහු, පරාක්රමබාහු, වලගම්බා වැනි ප්රබල මහාකාල යක් පරපුරේ හෙළ නරදෙටුවන් හනුමා බලවේගය ඒ ඒ යුගවලදී ලක් පොළොවෙන් තුරන් කළ අතර කිසි කලෙකත් වානර ගෝත්රයෙන් පැවත එන ආක්රමණිකයන්ට මෙරට විජයග්රහණයක් අත් නොවීය. ඔවුන් සුළු කලකට පමණක් මෙරට ආක්රමණය කළ ද රාමායනයේම සඳහන් ආකාරයට ඉරුගල් බණ්ඩාර හෙවත් රාවණ පුත් මේඝනාද පරපුර ඔවුන් සමූල ඝාතනය කළහ. ඉන්දියානු වීර කාව්යයක් වූ වාල්මිකී නම් කතුවරයකු විසින් රචනා කරන ලද රාමායනය රාම ලක්ෂමණ හනුමාන් ප්රමුඛ වානර හමුදාව ලැබූ පරාජය වසාගැනීමට කළ වෑයමකි. එහි කර්තෘ විටෙක රාවන චරිතය ශ්රේෂ්ඨයකු කර විටෙක දුෂ්ටයකු බව ඇඟවීමට උත්සාහ කළ අන්දම රාමායනය තුළින්ම පැහැදිලියි. නමුත් රාමායනයට හා මහාවංශයට වඩා පැරැණි යක්ෂ ගෝත්රික මූලාශ්ර වන කාලම් අග්නිසන්දය, මූණමුරකෞරවය, වෙශමුණි දරණිවත, ගෝරාපාසලම, රක්ඛානි ගර්ජය, කුම්භණී මූලාශ්රථය, අසුර අත්විසය හා පංචරක්ඛාවලිය යන පුස්කොල පොත් ශ්රී රාවණ අධිරාජ්යයාගේ පුත්ර මේඝ නාද (ඉරුගල් බණ්ඩාර) සමස්ත ඉන්දියානු ආක්රමණිකයන් පරාජයට පත් කළ බව තහවුරු කරයි.
තම සොයුරු විභීෂණයන් හා ඇතිවූ අභ්යන්තරික යක්ෂ නාග යුද්ධය හා බිහිසුණු ස්වභාවික විපත් රාවණ යුගය මහා සාගරයට යටකර දැමීමට හේතු විය. මෙම දේශපාලන අර්බුදය ගෞතම බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ පහළවීම දක්වා ලංකාවේ පැවැති අතර බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ ලංකා ගමනයේදී මෙරට කඳුකර ප්රදේශ (ගිරිප) යක්ෂ ජනයාට පවරා සෙසු ප්රදේශ නාග ජනයාට පවරා දී ඇත. මේ නිසා ලංකාවේ සමස්ත ජනසමාජයම බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ නාමයට ලංකා රාජ්ය පූජා කර ඇත. ඒ බව “යකා බුදු වදනට පමණක් අවනත” බව පැවසෙන ගැමි කියමනෙන් පිළිබිඹු වේ. බුදුන්ගේ ලංකාගමනය පවා සැකයට භාජන කිරීමට පුරාවිද්යාඥ බෙල් ප්රමුඛ ගෝල පිරිස බලවත් උත්සාහයක යෙදී ඇති බව මෙහිදී සිහිපත් කළ යුතුවේ.

වර්තමාන රාගල (රාවණගල) රාවණා යුගයත් අයත් පැරැණි නටබුන් පවතින තවත් ප්රදේශයකි. එහි ඇති රාවණ පබ්බත විහාරය හා එම ප්රදේශය වර්තමානයේ නිදන් සොරුන් අතින් සීග්රයෙන් විනාශ වෙමින් පවතී. රාවණගල ප්රදේශ සැලකිය යුතු වන්නේ හෙළයන්ගේ නිජභූමිය සේය. සිවුහෙළයන්ගේ රාජ්ය ලාංඡනය වූ සිංහයා සංකේතය මහා රාවණා අධිරාජ්යයාගේ රාජකීය සංකේතය විය. ඈත යුගයේ විසූ කේසර නම් සිංහ විශේෂය එයට පදනම් වී ඇත. කේසර යනු සූර්ය රශ්මිය හා ශක්තිය නිරුපණය කරන ප්රබල ගුප්ත විද්යාත්මක සංකේතයකි. සිංහ ලාංඡනයේ නිර්මාතෘද ශ්රී රාවණයෝය. රාවණා රජුගේ රුව ඇතුළත් ධජය රාවණ යුගයෙන් පසු ලංකා ධජය බවට පත්විය. එය ක්රමයෙන් ප්රාදේශීය කොඩියක් බවට පත්වීම මෙරට රජ පරපුරේ ඇදවැටීමත් සමග සිදු වූවකි. දෙවැනි රාජසිංහ යුගයේ රන්දෙණිවලදී ලන්දේසින් ඓතිහාසික පරාජයකට ලක් කළ කොස්මෝ විෙ-සේකර මුදලිතුමාගේ පරපුරේ ධජය එය විය. වර්තමානයේ ඛඔඔE සතුරන් පරාජය කිරීමේදී රාවණ පරපුර ඉදිකළ ශ්රී යගු කෞරාණ මන්ඨක දස ශීර්ෂපති ශ්රී රාවණ දේවාලයේ ගල් පුවරුවේ කොටා ඇති රාවණ ධජයේ අනුහසද බලපාන්නට ඇත. මෙය කුරුණෑගල රම්බඩගල්ල විද්යාසාගර පිරිවෙන් විහාරස්ථානයේ ආසියාවේ විශාලතම ශෛලමය බුදුපිළිමය පිහිටන ගල් තලාවේම ස්ථාපනය කර තිබේ. රාවණ ධජයට සූර්යාලෝකය වැටීමෙන් ලංකා ආක්රමණිකයන්ට ඉමහත් විනාශයක් සිදුවන වෙසමුණි ධජය නම් (වෙසමුණි ධරණිවත) පුස්කොල පොතේ සඳහන්ය.
නොනැසී පවතින රාවණ ඉතිහාසය කිසි කලෙකත් විනාශ කළ නොහැක. රාවණ නාමය ලංකා ඉතිහාසයේ මැකිය නොහැකි ලෙස ලියෑවී පවතී. ඉදිරියේදී මායා, ඉංකා මොහෙන්ජොදාරෝ හරප්පා ශිෂ්ටාචාර ගැනත් වර්තමාන සෝවියට් සමූහාණ්ඩුවට අයත් කල්මිකියාවේ පිහිටි රාබ්ක්නැ ජලාශය හා සුමේරියානු ඉතිහාසයත් පිළිබඳ සත්ය කරුණු මතුවීමත් සමග රාවණා නාමය තව දුරටත් සඟවා තබනු නොහැකි වේ.

Monday, January 24, 2011

ඒදණ්ඩ සඟරාවේ නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය

අපි උඩු ගx බලා පිහිනීමේ ප්‍රයත්නය ඈරබුවෙමු....
"The first ever additional reading material dedicated to Advanced Level Art Stream students of Sri Lanka"....

කාලෙකට පස්සේ

ඔන්න ඉතින් කාලෙකට පස්සේ අයෙත් ලියන්න හිතුනා...
ඔයලට කියවන්න අලුත් වඩක් පටන් ගත්තා...
කියවලම බලන්න එහෙනම්..

විජය මුහුදු කොල්ලකරුවෙක්ද....?

මහාවංශයට හා (මහාවංශටීකාව) අනුව ඉන්දියානු කාලිංග වංශික විජය යනු, පීතෘ ඝාතක සිංහබාහු නම් ස්වකීය සොයුරියම විවාහ කරගත් රජකුගේ පුත්රයෙකි. මහාවංශටීකාව අනුව සවෙනි පරිච්ඡේදයට අනුව විජය කවරෙක්ද යනු හොඳින් පෙන්වා දෙයි.
විජයෝ විසමාචාරො ආසි තම්පරිසා පිච
සාහසාකි අනෙකාසි දුස්සහානි කාරිම සුතේ – 39 ගාථාව
මෙම ගාථාව අනුව විසමාචාරො ආසි යනු – විකෘති අදහස් ඇත්තෝ යන්නයි. තම්පරිසාපිච යනු – ඔහුගේ පිරිස විකෘති අදහස් ඇත්තෝ යන්නයි. සහසාර්කි යනු – ස්ත්රී දූෂණ, මංපැහැරීම්, ගම පැහැරීම් වැනි සැහැසිකම් කරන්නෝ යන්නයි. මේ අනුව අපගේ මහාවංශය විජය නමැති දාමරික පවිටු අදම පුද්ගලයා පිළිබඳ පැහැදිලි හැඳින්වීමක් කර ඇත. මහාවංශය හා මහාවංශටීකාව මෙරට ඉතිහාසය මනා ලෙස පෙන්වන ඓතිහාසික වටිනාකමක් ඇති ග්රන්ථයක්ය.
සම්බජ තරේච දුතියං අහෝසි තතියං පන කුද්ධෝ මහාප්නො අහපුත්තං සතෙහිතෙ ඉති. (40 ගාථාව)
“තමත්ථං පටිවේදයි” යනු එවන් සැහැසිකම් හේතුකොටගෙන මහජනයා උද්ඝෝෂණය කරමින් රජුට සැල කළහ. සඤÆපෙන්වානු තොට විසින් මෙවැනි සැහැසිකම් නොකළ යුතු යන්නයි. මේ අනුව පැහැදිලි වන්නේ මහජනයා ප්රතික්ෂේප කළ සමාජයට පිළිලයක් වූ පිය අවවාද පවා නොසලකා හැරි විජය පාපිෂ්ඨයකු බව නොවේද?
මහාවංශය නොතිබෙන්නට විජයගේ වර්ගය හෝ වංශයේ පැටිකිරිය අපට සොයාගත නොහැකි වනු ඇත. එබැවින් මහාවංශය පුරාවිද්යාත්මක මෙන්ම ඓතිහාසික මූලාශ්රයක් ලෙස පරිශීලනය ඉතිහාස ගවේෂකයන්ට අත්යාවශ්ය වේ. විජය පිළිබඳව මහාවංශයට අනුවම ඉන්දියාවෙන් පිටුවහල් කළ විජය ලංකාවට පැමිණ දහසය වියේ පසුවූ කුවේණි නම් (මහාපාලි කුමරිය) රවටා විවාහකොට ඇය අනාථභාවයට පත්කොට දරුවන් දෙදෙනෙක් ද සමග මහමඟට ඇද දමා තවද ලංකාද්වීපය පාලනය කළ මහාකාල යක් රජු ත්රස්තවාදී ගරිල්ලා ප්රහාරයකින් සිරිසවත්ථු පුරයේදී මරණයට පත්කොට එම රජුගේම රාජකීය ආභරණ පැළඳගෙන තම්මැන්නාවේ සිට පුත්තලම ආශ්රිත ප්රදේශ යටත්කොට සිටි (අනුරාධපුර සුළු කොටසක් ඇතුළුව) ප්රභාකරන් හා සමානව රාජ්ය උරුමයක් නොමැති විකෘති මානසිකත්වයකින් හෙබි ආක්රමණිකයෙකි. ඔහු මෙරට ආදි රජු ලෙස හඳුන්වාදී ඔහුගෙන් සිංහලයන් පැවත එනවා යෑයි ලංකා ඉතිහාසය උගන්වනු ලැබුවේ එවැනිම ආක්රමණික පිරිසක් වූ පෙරදිග රටවල් මංකොල්ලකෑ විජාතික සුදු ජාතිකයන්ය. නමුත් මෙරට රජු පෙලපත (ඇතැම් රජුන් හැර) අතීත හෙළ ජනයා විජය මෙරට ආදිතම රජු සේ කිසිවිටෙකත් මූලාශ්ර ග්රන්ථවලින් පෙන්වා දී නොමැත.


රොජො ච වරරොජො ච තථා කල්යාණකාදුවෙ
උපොසථො ච මන්ධාතා වරකොපවරා දුවේ
මෙම ගාථාවේ තේරුම වනුයේ මහාසම්මත රජුට අනතුරුව ඔහු පුත් රෝජ, රොජගේ පුත් වරරෝජ ආදී රජ පෙලපත මෙරට රජ කළ බවය. එබැවින් වංසතථපපකාසිනී ටීකාවේ 11 පරිච්ඡේදයේ පහත ගාථාව
මහා සම්මතරාස්ස වංසජෝ හි මහාමුනි
කල්ලාදිස්මිං හි රාජායි මහාසම්මතනාමකෝ
බුදුන් වහන්සේ මහා සම්මත වංශයෙන් උපන් බව සඳහන් කරයි. මහා සම්මත රජුගේ වංශය මහාසම්මත වංශයයි.
වංසතථපපකාසිනියට අනුවම අපට පෙන්වා දිය හැක්කේ විජය වැනි ආක්රමණිකයකු මෙරට ප්රථම රජු ලෙස කිසිවිටෙකත් ඉතිහාසය පිළිගැනීමට ලක් නොවී ඇති බවයි. ඉපැරණි රාවණා පෙළපතට අයත් පුස්කොළ ග්රන්ථ පරිශීලනයේදී විජය පෙළපතේ පැටිකිරිය හෙළිවේ. යක්ෂ ගෝත්රයේ ඇදවැටීම සඳහන් රක්ඛ ඉලෝතිලෝව පුරාණ පුස්තකය අනුව විජය යනු මුහුදු මංකොල්ලකරුවෙකි. ඔහු සහ අනුගාමිකයෝ ඉන්දියානු සාගරයේ වෙළෙඳ නැව් මංකොල්ලකෑමේ යෙදී ඇති අතර, මහාකාල හෙවත් කාලබද්ර හෙවත් සතිස්කාල රජ විජය ලක්දිවට පැමිණෙන විට මෙරට අනුරාධපුර ප්රදේශයේ රජුවේ.
උහුදාරක ප්රවේණියෙන සතිස්කාල රජත බලපතිවී
(උපුටා ගැනීම – පරිගපූර්ණිකාව පුස්කොළ ග්රන්ථය)
ඉපැරණි රක්ඛ ඉලෝවිලෝව පුස්කොළ ග්රන්ථයකට අනුව ලංකාවේ අනුරාධපුරයේ රජු කාලභද්ර වන අතර ලංකාවේ වෙළෙඳ නැව් මංකොල්ලකෑ විජය ඇතුළු ආක්රමණිකයන් කුවේණිය හෙවත් මහාපාලි නම් තරුණ රණකාමී සෙම්පතිනියක් යොදවා විජය ඇතුළු 700 ක් අත්අඩංගුවට ගනු ලබයි. බුද්ධ පරිනිර්වානය සිදුවී තිබුණ මේ යුගයේ මොවුන් එළිමහන් සිරකඳවුරක රඳවා තැබූ අතර, විජය සහ කුවේණි (මහාපාලි) හමුවූ පොකුණ අදත් මානෑකන්දේ පුරාවිද්යාඥයන්ගේ අවධානයට ලක්නොවී විනාශ වෙමින් පවතී. මේ පොකුණ දැනට හඳුනා නැති රිටිගල පොකුණට වඩා විශාලත්වයෙන් වැඩිය. මෙම පොකුණ පිහිටි භූමිය රාවණා යුගයෙන් පසු නීලගිරිය ලෙස වරිගපූරණිකාවේ සඳහන්වේ. නිලගිරිදේශය (මානෑව කඳුවැටිය) උපුටා ගැනීම යක්ෂ ගෝත්රිකයන්ගේ අප්රකට තොරතුරු – ත්රිපිඨවේදී මානෑවේ විමලරතන හිමි,

කුවේණිය රවටාගත් විජය සිරිසවස්ථපුරයේදී කුවේණියගේ ද සහයෙන් කලාභද්රද මැරූ බව මහාවංශය තහවුරු කරයි. යම් යම් තොරතුරු එකඟවිය නොහැකි වුවත් විජයගෙන් සිදුවූ ආක්රමණයේදී යක්ෂ වංශයට බරපතල හානි සිදුවී ඇති බවට අපගේ පර්යේෂණ තුළින් තහවුරු වී ඇත. එබැවින් විජය යනු ලංකාවේ පාලනයට කිසිදු උරුමයක් නොමැති පරදෙස් ආක්රමණිකයෝ බව නොපැළිගැනීම ජාතියේ අවාසනාවකි. විජය පැමිණීමට ප්රථම මෙරට ම්ලේච්ඡ, වනචාරී, ගෝත්රික ජනයා විසූ බවට ප්රචාරය කරන ලද්දේ දකුණු ඉන්දියානු ආක්රමණිකයන්ගේ මතවාද හිස් මුදුනින් පිළිගත් ඇතැම් වංශ කථාකරුවන්ය. නමුත් විජය පැමිණීමට ප්රථම මෙරට උද්යාන, ප්රාසාද (දැවැන්ත මාළිගා), අක්ෂරක්රම, යානා තාක්ෂණ සහ චාරිත්ර වාරිත්ර, හෙළ සංස්කෘතිකාංග පැවැති බවට අප්රමාණ සාක්ෂි ඇත. රාවණ යුගයේ මහමෙවුනා උයන, මහාමේඝ වන උයන ලෙස හඳුන්වා ඇති අතර, එයට හේතුව වන්නේ රාවණාගේ දෙටුපුත් මේඝ නාද (උපේන්ද්රමිණික ලෙස රක්ඛ විජලකාව පුස්කොළ ග්රන්ථයක සඳහන් වේ.) මොහු උත්පත්තිය ලැබුවේ මෙම අලංකාර උද්යානයේය. එබැවින් මෙය මේඝ වනය නම් විය. මෙහි පිහිටා තිබූ කාල ප්රාසාදය විජය පැමිණෙන විට මෙරට පාලකයකු වූ මහාකාල යක් රජුගේ මාළිගාව පිහිටියේ ද මෙම භූමියේය. එA බව මහාවංශයේ කාල ප්රාසාදයක් ගැන හා මේඝ වනයක් ගැන ලියවී ඇති ගාථාවන්ගෙන්ම පැහැදිලිවේ.
තවද මහින්දාගමනය සිදුවන විට ශ්රී ලංකාවේ ගොඩනැඟිලි පැවැති බවට පැහැදිලි සාධක මහාවංශයෙන්ම පෙන්වා දිය හැක.
තං නන්දනා දක්ණේය නයං ථෙරං රථෙසහෝ
ඹහාමේඝවනුයHdනං පාචිනද්වාරකං නයි
තත්ථ රාජඝරේ රම්මේ මඤ්චපීඨානි සාධුකං
(උපුටා ගැනීම – මහාවංශය 15 පරි. 11 ගාථාව)
මහාමේඝ වනය හා මෙම රාජ ගෘහය පිළිබඳ ලිත සාධක මහාවංශයේම තිබීම ඉතිමහාසගවේශකයන්ට දේවානම් පියතිස්ස රජ යුගයේ ගොඩනැඟිsලි තිබූ බවට හා මේඝ වනය ලෙස හැඳින්වීම පිළිබඳ පැහැදිලි සාධකයකි.
මිහිඳු මහරහතන් වහන්සේට වාසස්ථානයක් ලෙස මුලින්ම ලබාදී ඇත්තේ ද මෙම රමණීය රාජගෘහය වීම ආශ්චර්ය ජනකය. මහාවංශය 15 පරි. 11, 13 ගාථාවන් අධ්යයනයෙන් මෙම තොරතුරු ලබාගත හැක.)


එබැවින් මිහිඳු මා හිමියන් මෙරටට පැමිණෙද්දී ද ගොඩනැඟිලි නොපැවතියේ යෑයි පුහු තර්ක මතු කිරීමට විජය පරපුරට නොහැකි වනු ඇත. මෙරට ආක්රමණික වූ විජය විසින් ඝාතනය කළ මහාකාල (කාලභද්ර රජු) පසුකාලීනව කාල ප්රාසාදය පිහිටි වර්තමාන ජයශ්රීමහා බෝධි වහන්සේ ද පිහිටා ඇති මෙම භූමියේ කළු බණ්ඩාර දේවතාවා ලෙස වන්දනා මානයට ලක්වීම මොනතරම් ආශ්චර්යජනකද? එබැවින් ඉරුගල් බණ්ඩාර (රවි ශෛලාස පරපුර) කාලභද්ර යක් රජු මරණින් පසු නෑයකුන් පිදීමේ සම්ප්රදාය අනුව යක්ෂ ගෝත්රිකයන් විසින් ජයශ්රීමහා බෝධි ආරක්ෂක දේවතාවා ලෙස ගෞරවාදරයට පත්කර ඇත. නමුත් අවාසනාවකට කළු බණ්ඩාර දේවතාවා එළාර රජු යෑයි පවසමින් ඉතිහාසය නොදත් ලිපිකරුවන් විසින් සමාජයට හඳුන්වාදීම කෙතරම් අවාසනාවක්ද?
ජාතිය පාවාදීමක යෙදුණු ලාබාල වියේ පසුවූ කුවේණිය හෙවත් මහාපාලිය අවසානයේ අත්කරගත් ඉරණම ද යකුන් දෙස් තැබූ යක්දෙස්සාගල පුවතින් තහවුරුවේ. වර්තමාන කුරුණෑගල, විල්බාව ග්රාමයේ විලබාව රජමහා විහාරයේ පත්තිනි දේවාලය පිහිටා ඇති ගල්කුළු අසලදී කුවේණියගේ දිව කපා එක් අතුල් පහරින් මරණයට පත් කළ ප්රතාපවත් යක් පරපුරේ නරපතීහු විජයගේ දරුවන් පවා ජාතියට වැද්ද නොගත්හ. ජීවහත්ථ, දිසාලා ලෙස හඳුන්වන විජයට හා කුවේණියට දාව ඉපදුණු දරුවන් සමාජයට වැද්ද නොගත් යක්ෂ වංශය ඔවුන් සබරගිරි දේශයට පලවා හැරියහ. ඉන් පුලින්දයන් හෙවත් වැදි ජනයා ඇතිවූ අතර, විජාතික ලේ උරුම වැදි ජනයාගෙන් සිංහලයන් පැවත එනවා යෑයි පුහුතර්ක ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නන්ට ද බටහිර ඉතිහාසය මත ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නට ද දිය හැකි පිළිතුර වන්නේ නොදියුණු වැද්දන්ගෙන් හෙළ ජාතිය නොපැවතුණු බවය. නමුත් වැදි ජනයා ඔවුන්ගේ මුතුන්මිත්තන් රන් ආභරණ පැළඳි, ප්රාසාදයන්හි ජීවත්වූ දියුණු ජාතියක් බව පෙන්වා දෙයි. එයට හේතුව වනුයේ කුවේණිය පාර්ශ්වයෙන් ජීවහත්ත, දිසාලාට ලැබුණු යක්ෂ ලේ උරුමය නිසාය. ඔවුන් මුතුන් මිත්තන් පිදීම (මළවුන් පිදීම) නෑ යකුන් පිදීම, බුදු දහම වැළඳ ගැනීම, යක්ෂ ගෝත්රිකයන්ගෙන් ලැබුණු ආභාෂය තුළින් අද දක්වාම කරගෙන යනු ලබයි.
බටහිර ඉතිහාසකරුවන් මෙරට හෙළ ජන සමාජය වැද්දන්ගෙන් හා විජයගෙන් පැවත එනවා යෑයි මෙරට අධ්යාපන ක්රමය තුළට එAත්තු ගන්වා ඇත. නමුත් ශ්රී රාවණා පරපුර කිසිවිටෙකත් මෙවැනි ඉතිහාසයකට පැවැත්මක් ලබා නොදෙනු ඇත. මුනිදාස කුමාරතුංගයන්, අරිසෙන් අහුබුදු සූරීන් ඉදිරිපත් කළ මත අනාගතයේ මොහොන්දේජාරෝ හරප්පා, සුමේරියානු, මෙක්සිකෝ, මායා ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඉතිහාසය මතුවීමත් වැළලී ගිය ශ්රී රාවණ ඉතිහාසය හා හෙළ යුගය මතුවීම ද කිසිවෙකුටත් නොවැළැක්විය නොහැක.

Sunday, April 5, 2009

Google Map API කියන්නේ මොකක්ද?

ඔන්න මේ දවස් ටිකේ පොඩි වැඩකට අත ගහුවා Google Map API එක්ක.ඇත්තටම වෙනස්ම අත්දැකීමක් ඒක.මොකද සාමානයෙන් මම කරන්නෙ මුදුකාංග වල back end එක්ක වැඩ කරන එක.ඉතින් ඒක ටිකක් කම්මැලි හිතෙන වැඩක්.නමුත් මේ Google Map API එක්ක කරපු වැඩේ ටිකක් වෙනස් මොකද මේක Front end වැඩක් හන්ද.මම හිතන්නේ ඔයාලා හැමොම දැකල ඇති Google Map එක.ඉතින් මේ සේවාව ලබාදෙන්නෙ Google සමාගම.Google සමාගම මේ සේවාව ලබාදෙනවා පමනක් නෙමෙයි ඒක, අනිත් පුද්ගලයින්ටත් එම සේවාව තමන්ගේ වෙබ් පිටුවට හෝ තමන් කැමති ඔනැම තැනකට පාවිචික් කිරීමට අවස්ථාව ලබාදී තිබෙනවා.
අපි බලමු කොහොමද අපිට ඔන විදියට Google Map පාවිචිකරන්නෙ සහ මොනවද තියන Facility කියලා.ඔන්න ඔතනදි තමයි Google Map API කරලියට එන්නෙ.Google Map API මගින් එය පාවිචිකරන්නාට Google Map හි ඇති Function පාවිචියට ගැනීමට මාර්ගයක් සකසා දෙනවා.එමගින් ඉතා පහසුවෙන් අපට වුවමනා ආකාරයට එය හසුරවා ගත හැක.එය Java script යොදාගෙන සංවර්දනය කර ඇත.එම නිසා ඉතා පහසුවෙන් මෙය Web තාක්ෂණයත් සමග යොදා ගත හැක.
මෙය ඉතා සරල නිදසුනක් මගින් මේ ආකාරයට එය යොදාගන්නා ආකාරය පැහැදිලිකල හැක.මෙම නිදසුන මගින් මම පෙන්වීමට උත්සහ කරන්නේ.Google Map එකක් එහි ඇති Zooming facility සමගින් ඔබගේ පිටුවකට යොදාගන්නා ආකාරයයි.මේ සදහා ඔබට Java Script පිලිබදව යම් දැනුමක් තිබීම අවශයයි.මුලින්ම ඒසදහා එකක් මෙ ආකාරයට සරල Java Script එකක් ලියා ගත යුතුයි.

function initialize() {
if (GBrowserIsCompatible()) {
var map = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map_canvas"));
map.setCenter(new GLatLng(37.4419, -122.1419), 13);
}
}


මුලින්ම if (GBrowserIsCompatible()) මගින් Web browser එක මේසදහා දක්වන සහය පිලිබදව සොයා බලයි.

var map = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map_canvas")) මගින් පෙන්වීමට් වුවමනා පසුබිම සකස්යි.

map.setCenter(new GLatLng(37.4419, -122.1419), 13);මගින් Map එම එක තුල පෙන්වන ස්ථානයේ මැද((37.4419, -122.1419)) සහ Zoom level(13) එක පෙන්වයි.
ඔබට මෙයට Zoom Function එක්කර ගැනීමට උවමනානම් java Script function එක මේ ආකාරයට වෙනස්කර ගන්න

function initialize() { if (GBrowserIsCompatible())
{
var map = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map_canvas")) map.setCenter(new GLatLng(37.4419, -122.1419), 13); map.addControl(new GSmallMapControl()); map.addControl(new GMapTypeControl());
} }

ඔබට එය මේ ආකාරයට ඔබගේ වෙබ් පිටුවට දමාගත හැක

DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">



Google Maps API Sampletitle> <br /><script src="http://maps.google.com/maps?file=api&v=2&sensor=false&key=<>">script> <br /><script type="text/javascript"> <br /> <br />function initialize() { if (GBrowserIsCompatible()) { var map = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map_canvas")) map.setCenter(new GLatLng(37.4419, -122.1419), 13); map.addControl(new GSmallMapControl()); map.addControl(new GMapTypeControl()); } } <br />script> <br />head> <br /><body onload="initialize()" onunload="GUnload()" style="font-family: Arial;border: 0 none;"> <br /><div id="map_canvas" style="width: 500px; height: 300px">div> <br />body> <br />html> <br /> <br /> <br />ඔබට මෙසදහා වැඩිදුර විස්තර උවමනානමි.http://code.google.com/apis/ajax/playground/?exp=maps#map_simple <br /> <br /> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2009/04/google-map-api.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2009/04/google-map-api.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2009-04-05T12:02:00+05:00'>12:02 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=7733279319100672110' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=7733279319100672110&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6806134794511726944' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6806134794511726944'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2009/04/linux-ubuntu-810.html'>Linux Ubuntu 8.10 සිංහලකරණය</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6806134794511726944' itemprop='description articleBody'> Ubuntu 8.10 සිංහල කරණය<br /><br />ඔන්න ඉතින් පොඩි වැඩක් සෙට් වුනා මෙ මාසෙ 24 වෙනිද "නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග සහ මෘදුකාංග දෙශීය කරනය" ගැන lecture එකක් කරන්න. ඉතින් මේදවස්වල මම එකට උවමනා දේවල් ට්කක් කරමින් ඉන්න අතරේ Ubuntu 8.10 සිංහලට පරිවර්තනය කරන හටි ගැන ටිකක් ලියන්න හිතුන.<br /><br />මෙන්න වැඩෙ කරන හැටි<br />1.මුලින්ම ඔබගේ Ubuntu මෙහෙයුම් පද්දතිය ඇතුලත සිංහල Fonts ස්ථාපිත කරගත යුතුයි.<br /><br />1.1 මුලින්ම මෙය ස්ථාපිත කරනනීමට කලින් ඔබගේ Ubuntu තුල ඒ සදහා අවශය පසුබිම සකසා ගත යුතුයි.මේ සදහා Universe repository, Enable කරගත යුතුයි.මේ සදහා ඔබට වැඩි විස්තර උවමනානම් (wiki.ubuntu.com/AlwaysEnableUniverseMultiverse). <br />සාමානියෙන් Ubuntu ස්ථාපනය කරන අවස්ථාවේදීම මෙය enable වී ඇත.<br /><br />1.2 ඉන්පසුව පහත සදහන් විදානය ඔබගේ Shell එක මත Run කරගන්න. <br />sudo apt-get install ttf-sinhala-lklug scim scim-gtk2-immodule im-switch scim-m17n m17n-db m17n-contrib language-pack-si-base <br /><br />1.3 ඉන්පසුව පහත සදහන් විදානයත් ඔබගේ Shell එක මත Run කරගන්න<br />rm -f ~/.xinput.d/* ; im-switch -z all_ALL -s scim-immodule<br /><br />2.ඉන්පසුව මෙය si.tar.gz ඔබගේ පරිඝණකය මතට බාගථ කරගන්න.<br /><br />3.මෙය ඔබගේ Ubuntu තුල /usr/share/locale-langpack යන ස්ථානයට extract කරගන්න.<br /><br />4. ඉන්පසුව /etc/default/locale යන ස්ථනයේ අති ගොනුව තුල අති LANG="en_US.UTF-8"පේලිය LANG="si_LK.UTF-8"මෙ අකාරයට වෙනස්කරගන්න.මේ සදහා ඔබට මෙම විදාන කීපයෙන් එකක් යොදාගත හැක.<br />sudo gedit /etc/default/locale<br />sudo vi /etc/default/locale<br /><br />5.ඉන්පසුව ඔබගේ පරිඝණකය Reboot කරන්න.<br /><br />6.දැන් ඔබට ඉහත රූපයේ ආකාරයට ඔබගේ පරිඝණකය සිංහල බසට හැරී ඇති ආකාරය දැක ගත හැකි.<br /><br />7.ඔබට නැවතත් පෙර තිබු තත්වයට පරිඝණකය පත්කරගැනීමට උවමනානම්.කලින් ඔබ වෙනස්කරගත් පේලිය නැවත තිබු තත්වයට පත්කරගෙන Reboot කිරීම සෑහේ.<br /><br />ඔන්න එහෙනම් වැඩේ ගොඩ.හැබැයි මේකේ සමහර වච්න මම English වලින් ලියලා තියෙන්නෙ, සමහර වච්නවල අකුරු වරදී.ඒ ඉතින් මම තාම සිංහල Blog වලට අලුත් හන්ද.පස්සෙ හරියයි.<br /><br /><br />නව ආරම්භයක්<br /><br />ඔන්න මමත් හුගාක් කලෙක පස්සෙ ආපහු ලියන්න set උනා සිංහලෙන්.සිංහල එතරම් දුරට ලියන්න අපහසු හන්දා වැඩෙ අත ඇරල දාලයි හිටියෙ,නමුත් UCSC සිංහල එසෙණින් පරිවර්තකය නිසා වැඩේ ගොඩාක් ලේසි උනා.අපේම Faculty කරපු වැඩක් හන්ඩ ගොඩක් ආඩම්බරයි.එහෙනම් ඉතින් ඉක්මනටම සෙට් වෙමු වඩෙට. <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2009/04/linux-ubuntu-810.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2009/04/linux-ubuntu-810.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2009-04-05T11:57:00+05:00'>11:57 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6806134794511726944' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6806134794511726944&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, January 21, 2009</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6984407499317435642' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6984407499317435642'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2009/01/apple-discounts-refurbished-products-in.html'>Apple Discounts Refurbished Products in China</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6984407499317435642' itemprop='description articleBody'> BEIJING (Reuters) - <br />Apple said on Tuesday it had launched an online shop selling second-hand Apple products in China, offering discounts of up to 22 percent, as it looks to beef up its business in the country. <br /><br /><br />These are products that were previously sold and returned to Apple and have undergone quality tests, the company's website said. <br /><br />The refurbished products available on Apple's Chinese website ranged from a 308 yuan ($44) iPod shuffle to an iMac computer costing more than 14,000 yuan ($2,047). <br /><br />"We kicked off the campaign at the end of last year," said Huang Yuna, Apple's spokeswoman in China. She declined to give a figure of total used products available. <br /><br />Apple has introduced similar deals in other countries, including the Unites States, the United Kingdom and Japan, for years, but second-hand purchase only makes up a small portion of its total sales. <br /><br />U.S. retailer Best Buy Co earlier this month started selling refurbished versions of Apple iPhone 3G that were priced about $50 less than new ones in an effort to seek new ways to appeal to cost-conscious shoppers. <br /><br />($=6.84 yuan) <br /><br /><br /><br />© Thomson Reuters 2008. All rights reserved. Users may download and print extracts of content from this website for their own personal and non-commercial use only. Republication or redistribution of Reuters content, including by framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters. Reuters and the Reuters sphere logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of the Reuters group of companies around the world. <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2009/01/apple-discounts-refurbished-products-in.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2009/01/apple-discounts-refurbished-products-in.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2009-01-21T12:55:00+05:00'>12:55 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6984407499317435642' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6984407499317435642&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Friday, November 28, 2008</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SS-aGiRFNgI/AAAAAAAAAFE/9D6Xkr_KZzw/s200/IP_Ping.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='2371442022908954039' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='2371442022908954039'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/11/network.html'>NETWORK</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-2371442022908954039' itemprop='description articleBody'> Introduction<br /><br />This is the first Network lesson.<br /><br />We will see differents notions to understand how a computer can communicates with another through internet, a local network ...<br />All these notions will be very usefull to understand the network tutorials.<br /><br /><br />IP address<br /><br />A computer is identified, on a network or on the web, by his IP Internet Protocol address (Network layer). An IP is unique, it is used as an identifier.<br /><br />An IP address (IPv4) is constituted by 4 octets.<br />It is commonly represented by or value separated by points :<br /> X.X.X.X<br />An octet is composed of 8 bits, so each number is between 0 and 2^8-1 = 255 (included).<br /><br />Example of an IP address : 159.182.10.3<br /><br />Note 1:<br />127.0.0.1 is a particular IP address : it represents the localhost (ie the computer in which the programm is running). Usefull for local testing.<br />255.255.255.255 represent all computer (used for broadcast ie send the same information to all computers of the same network).<br /><br />Note 2:<br />IPv6 are represented by 6 octets.<br />It will replace IPv4 in the close futur to compensate for the lack of IP address.<br /> <br /> How to be sure that an IP address can be found ?<br /><br />There is a way to know easily if you can recognize a computer.<br /><br />Use the ping command. If you receive packets, the IP address can be recognize.<br />Here is an example to contact localhost :<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SS-aGiRFNgI/AAAAAAAAAFE/9D6Xkr_KZzw/s1600-h/IP_Ping.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5273603125742482946" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SS-aGiRFNgI/AAAAAAAAAFE/9D6Xkr_KZzw/s200/IP_Ping.png" style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 66px;" /></a><br /><br /><br />Protocol<br /><br />Two computer communicates using a specific Protocol (Transport layer).<br /><br />There is two different protocol used for the transmission of the data between two computers :<br /><br /> TCP Transmission Control Protocol<br /><br /> UDP User Datagram Protocol<br /><br />These two protocols are differents in a lot of points. Due to their differents characteristics, their are used for specific applications.<br /> <br /> TCP Protocol<br /><br />TCP is a reliable transmission. This protocol ensure you that all packets sented arrived at destination, in the same order of sending. The addressee send an acknowledgement of receipt to the sender, to inform the packet is well arrived and he can send the next one.<br />A packet is a piece of data (datas are divited in small pieces). It contain the data sended and other informations like IP address & MAC address of the sender and he addressee, communication port, crc (redundance control), ... A packet give the information of who have sended the packet, who should receive it & which application/service should use it.<br /> <br /> UDP Protocol<br /><br />In contraste to TCP, UDP does not ensure that the data sent are arrived and in the same order of sending.<br />The addressee does not send any acknowledgement of receipt. For this, UDP is faster than TCP (less data flow for transmit the same information).<br /><br />For this protocol, datas send are called datagram.<br /> <br /> Communication port<br /><br />To communicate with another computer, all the datas flows through a single cable (Transmission layer). For exemple, the RJ45 cable of your network card).<br />Data received can have differents destination on your computer. For exemple, you received data of an internet page in the same time that your chat programm. The first data is for your internet browser application, the second if for you're chat programm.<br /><br />Communication ports are used to direct datas to its associated programm (Application layer).<br />It is a 16 bits number (value is between 0 to 2^16-1 = 65535). The 1024 first port are reserved by the system. Each of them correspond to a specific service :<br /> Port 21 : FTP (File Transfer Protocol)<br /> Port 23 : Telnet<br /> Port 25 : Courriel<br /> Port 80 : HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)<br /> Port 119 : Usenet<br /><br /><br />Socket<br /><br />We have seen before how to recognize a computer in a network/internet and how to recognize the data received.<br />Now, we will see how two computers communicates.<br /><br />A socket is used to make a connection between two computer. A socket is an endpoint, two sockets are needed to make the link (one on the server side, one on the client side).<br />A socket is bounded on a specific communication port. All the data flows throw this connection start or end on a socket. So, for sending/receiving datas, just write/read on the socket. <br /> <br /> Client & Server<br /><br />When two computers communicates, one or more are clients and one should be the server.<br />The client and the server runs generaly in two differents computers.But, they can be on the same computer (commonly for local test).<br /><br /> <br /> Mechanism of communication<br /><br />The server listening on a specific communication port, using a particular socket (ServerSocket). <br /><br />When a client want to connects him, he send a connection request to the server (1). The client need to know the IP address (or the name) of the server and the communication port (see above).<br />If the server accepts the connection, he creates a connection between him and the client. A new socket (Socket) is created on the client and on the server. A new socket is created on the server to listen for other connection (multiple connection of clients).<br /><br />Note :<br />When the connection is made, the server uses another communication port to communicates with the client.<br /><br /><br />Note :<br />3802 and 5243 ports are given for exemple, it can be any ports from 1024 to the maximum (see Communication Port).<br /><br /><br />When the connection is created, the client and the server can communicates. To communicates, they should know which "language" they uses (communication protocol). This is essential to know how to interpret datas received.<br />, but you can creates your own protocol for you application purpose.<br />We will use a particular communication protocol in Tutorial 2. We should write the server and the client because it is a particular communication protocol.<br />In Tutorial 3, we will implement HTTP requests to write a basic HTTP server (server side). Here we will only write the server end. Client end is not necessary because we can use any internet browser to communicates with the server. Effectively, all internet browser know the HTTP request (defined by standard rules).<br /><br /><br />The server provides services. Clients uses services provided by the server.<br />I will show you few examples of client/server applications below.<br /> <br /> Few examples of Client/Server application<br /> Game<br /><br />A multiplayer game is typically a client/server application.<br />There are an host of the game (the server) and players that join the game (clients).<br /><br />The game is owned by the server.<br />The server receive all players informations, he bring together all game information (player position ...). Then, he send these informations to all player for the new state of the game (new player position).<br /> <br /> Chat<br /><br />All people connects themselves to a server.<br />The server can communicates with all clients. He can informs a client to who are connected and not.<br /><br />Each clients can only communicates with the server, they need to inform the server for which the data is. The server forward the data to its addressee.<br />With this mechanism, all clients connected to the server can communicates between them.<br /><br />Other mechanism can be used to create a chat application. <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/11/network.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/11/network.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-11-28T12:11:00+05:00'>12:11 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=2371442022908954039' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=2371442022908954039&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Friday, October 17, 2008</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='4470479286117146450' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='4470479286117146450'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/what-is-php-review.html'>What is PHP???? [Review]</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-4470479286117146450' itemprop='description articleBody'> PHP is a computer scripting language. Originally designed for producing dynamic web pages, it has evolved to include a command line interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications.<br /><br />While PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995, the main implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group and serves as the de facto standard for PHP as there is no formal specification. Released under the PHP License, the Free Software Foundation considers it to be free software.<br /><br />PHP is a widely-used general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. It generally runs on a web server, taking PHP code as its input and creating web pages as output. It can be deployed on most web servers and on almost every operating system and platform free of charge. PHP is installed on more than 20 million websites and 1 million web servers. The most recent major release of PHP was version 5.2.6 on May 1, 2008<br /><br />PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page. It began in 1994 as a set of Common Gateway Interface binaries written in the C programming language by the Danish/Greenlandic programmer Rasmus Lerdorf. Lerdorf initially created these Personal Home Page Tools to replace a small set of Perl scripts he had been using to maintain his personal homepage. The tools were used to perform tasks such as displaying his résumé and recording how much traffic his page was receiving. He combined these binaries with his Form Interpreter to create PHP/FI, which had more functionality. PHP/FI included a larger implementation for the C programming language and could communicate with databases, enabling the building of simple, dynamic web applications. Lerdorf released PHP publicly on June 8, 1995 to accelerate bug location and improve the code. This release was named PHP version 2 and already had the basic functionality that PHP has today. This included Perl-like variables, form handling, and the ability to embed HTML. The syntax was similar to Perl but was more limited, simpler, and less consistent.<br /><br />Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans, two Israeli developers at the Technion IIT, rewrote the parser in 1997 and formed the base of PHP 3, changing the language's name to the recursive initialism PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. The development team officially released PHP/FI 2 in November 1997 after months of beta testing. Afterwards, public testing of PHP 3 began, and the official launch came in June 1998. Suraski and Gutmans then started a new rewrite of PHP's core, producing the Zend Engine in 1999. They also founded Zend Technologies in Ramat Gan, Israel.<br /><br />On May 22, 2000, PHP 4, powered by the Zend Engine 1.0, was released. On July 13, 2004, PHP 5 was released, powered by the new Zend Engine II.PHP 5 included new features such as improved support for object-oriented programming, the PHP Data Objects extension (which defines a lightweight and consistent interface for accessing databases), and numerous performance enhancements. The most recent update released by The PHP Group is for the older PHP version 4 code branch. As of August, 2008 this branch is up to version 4.4.9. PHP 4 is no longer under development nor will any security updates be released.<br /><br />In 2008, PHP 5 became the only stable version under development. Late static binding has been missing from PHP and will be added in version 5.3. PHP 6 is under development alongside PHP 5. Major changes include the removal of register_globals, magic quotes, and safe mode.<br /><br />PHP does not have complete native support for Unicode or multibyte strings; unicode support will be included in PHP 6. Many high profile open source projects ceased to support PHP 4 in new code as of February 5, 2008, due to the GoPHP5 initiative, provided by a consortium of PHP developers promoting the transition from PHP 4 to PHP 5.<br /><br />It runs in both 32-bit and 64-bit environments, but on Windows the only official distribution is 32-bit, requiring Windows 32-bit compatibility mode to be enabled while using IIS in a 64-bit Windows environment. There is a third-party distribution available for 64-bit Windows.<br /><br />Usage<br /><br />PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development. PHP generally runs on a web server, taking PHP code as its input and creating web pages as output. It can also be used for command-line scripting and client-side GUI applications. PHP can be deployed on most web servers, many operating systems and platforms, and can be used with many relational database management systems. It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source code for users to build, customize and extend for their own use.<br /><br />PHP primarily acts as a filter, taking input from a file or stream containing text and/or PHP instructions and outputs another stream of data; most commonly the output will be HTML. It can automatically detect the language of the user. From PHP 4, the PHP parser compiles input to produce bytecode for processing by the Zend Engine, giving improved performance over its interpreter predecessor.<br /><br />Originally designed to create dynamic web pages, PHP's principal focus is server-side scripting, and it is similar to other server-side scripting languages that provide dynamic content from a web server to a client, such as Microsoft's ASP.NET system, Sun Microsystems' JavaServer Pages, and mod_perl. PHP has also attracted the development of many frameworks that provide building blocks and a design structure to promote rapid application development (RAD). Some of these include CakePHP, PRADO, Symfony and Zend Framework, offering features similar to other web application frameworks.<br /><br />The LAMP architecture has become popular in the web industry as a way of deploying web applications. PHP is commonly used as the P in this bundle alongside Linux, Apache and MySQL, although the P may also refer to Python or Perl.<br /><br />Security<br /><br />The proportion of insecure software written in PHP, out of the total of all common software vulnerabilities, amounted to: 12% in 2003, 20% in 2004, 28% in 2005, 43% in 2006, 36% in 2007, and 33.8% for the first quarter of 2008. More than a third of these PHP software vulnerabilities are listed recently.Most of these software vulnerabilities can be exploited remotely, that is without being logged on the computer hosting the vulnerable application. The most common vulnerabilities are caused by not following best practice programming rules and vulnerabilities related to software written in old PHP versions. One very common security concern is register_globals which was disabled by default since 2002 in PHP 4.2.<br /><br />There are advanced protection patches such as Suhosin and Hardening-Patch, especially designed for web hosting environments.Installing PHP as a CGI binary rather than as an Apache module is the preferred method for added security.<br /><br />Data types<br /><br />PHP stores whole numbers in a platform-dependent range. This range is typically that of 32-bit signed integers. Unsigned integers are converted to signed values in certain situations; this behavior is different from other programming languages. Integer variables can be assigned using decimal (positive and negative), octal, and hexadecimal notations. Real numbers are also stored in a platform-specific range. They can be specified using floating point notation, or two forms of scientific notation. PHP has a native Boolean type that is similar to the native Boolean types in Java and C++. Using the Boolean type conversion rules, non-zero values are interpreted as true and zero as false, as in Perl and C++. The null data type represents a variable that has no value. The only value in the null data type is NULL. Variables of the "resource" type represent references to resources from external sources. These are typically created by functions from a particular extension, and can only be processed by functions from the same extension; examples include file, image, and database resources.Arrays can contain elements of any type that PHP can handle, including resources, objects, and even other arrays. Order is preserved in lists of values and in hashes with both keys and values, and the two can be intermingled. PHP also supports strings, which can be used with single quotes, double quotes, or heredoc syntax.<br /><br />The Standard PHP Library (SPL) attempts to solve standard problems and implements efficient data access interfaces and classes. <br /><br /><br />Functions<br /><br />PHP has hundreds of base functions and thousands more from extensions. These functions are well documented on the PHP site, but unfortunately, the built-in library has a wide variety of naming conventions and inconsistencies. PHP currently has no functions for thread programming. <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/what-is-php-review.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/what-is-php-review.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-10-17T17:32:00+06:00'>5:32 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=4470479286117146450' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=4470479286117146450&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='1937988030883076152' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='1937988030883076152'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/java-coding-for-create-non-blocking.html'>JAVA Coding for Create a Non-Blocking Socket</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-1937988030883076152' itemprop='description articleBody'> public class test<br /> {<br /> public static void main(String args[])<br /> {<br /> // Create a non-blocking socket and check for connections<br /> try {<br /> // Create a non-blocking socket channel on port 8080<br /> SocketChannel sChannel = createSocketChannel("www.xxx", 8080);<br /> // Before the socket is usable, the connection must be completed<br /> // by calling finishConnect(), which is non-blocking<br /> while (!sChannel.finishConnect()) {<br /> // Do something else<br /> System.out.println("wonderful");<br /> }<br /> // Socket channel is now ready to use<br /> }<br /> catch (IOException e) {<br /> }<br /> }<br /> // Creates a non-blocking socket channel for the specified host name and port.<br /> // connect() is called on the new channel before it is returned.<br /> public static SocketChannel createSocketChannel(String hostName, int port) throws IOException<br /> {<br /> // Create a non-blocking socket channel<br /> SocketChannel sChannel = SocketChannel.open();<br /> sChannel.configureBlocking(false);<br /> // Send a connection request to the server; this method is non-blocking<br /> sChannel.connect(new InetSocketAddress(hostName, port));<br /> return sChannel;<br /> }<br />} <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/java-coding-for-create-non-blocking.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/java-coding-for-create-non-blocking.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-10-17T17:25:00+06:00'>5:25 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=1937988030883076152' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=1937988030883076152&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='8534721679611455844' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='8534721679611455844'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/what-are-different-scopes-for-java.html'>What are the different scopes for Java variables?</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-8534721679611455844' itemprop='description articleBody'> The scope of a Java variable is determined by the context in which the variable is declared. Thus a java variable can have one of the three scopes at any given point in time.<br />1. Instance : - These are typical object level variables, they are initialized to default values at the time of creation of object, and remain accessible as long as the object accessible.<br />2. Local : - These are the variables that are defined within a method. They remain accessbile only during the course of method excecution. When the method finishes execution, these variables fall out of scope.<br />3. Static: - These are the class level variables. They are initialized when the class is loaded in JVM for the first time and remain there as long as the class remains loaded. They are not tied to any particular object instance. <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/what-are-different-scopes-for-java.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/what-are-different-scopes-for-java.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-10-17T17:22:00+06:00'>5:22 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=8534721679611455844' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=8534721679611455844&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6494227314443198853' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6494227314443198853'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/the-significance-of-public-private.html'>The the significance of public, private, protected, default modifiers both singly and in combination and state the effect of package relationships on</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6494227314443198853' itemprop='description articleBody'> public : Public class is visible in other packages, field is visible everywhere (class must be public too)<br />private : Private variables or methods may be used only by an instance of the same class that declares the variable or method, A private feature may only be accessed by the class that owns the feature.<br />protected : Is available to all classes in the same package and also available to all subclasses of the class that owns the protected feature.This access is provided even to subclasses that reside in a different package from the class that owns the protected feature.<br />default :What you get by default ie, without any access modifier (ie, public private or protected).It means that it is visible to all within a particular package. <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/the-significance-of-public-private.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/the-significance-of-public-private.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-10-17T17:21:00+06:00'>5:21 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6494227314443198853' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6494227314443198853&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6226597209237058747' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6226597209237058747'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/what-is-static-in-java.html'>What is static in java?</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6226597209237058747' itemprop='description articleBody'> Static means one per class, not one for each object no matter how many instance of a class might exist. This means that you can use them without creating an instance of a class.Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on the type of the object, and static methods are attached to a class, not an object. A static method in a superclass can be shadowed by another static method in a subclass, as long as the original method was not declared final. However, you can't override a static method with a nonstatic method. In other words, you can't change a static method into an instance method in a subclass. <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/what-is-static-in-java.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/what-is-static-in-java.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-10-17T17:20:00+06:00'>5:20 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6226597209237058747' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6226597209237058747&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='3738110899812401170' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='3738110899812401170'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/what-is-difference-between-interface.html'>What is the difference between an Interface and an Abstract class?</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-3738110899812401170' itemprop='description articleBody'> An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An Interface can only declare constants and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior and all methods are implicitly abstract. An interface has all public members and no implementation. An abstract class is a class which may have the usual flavors of class members (private, protected, etc.), but has some abstract methods. <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/what-is-difference-between-interface.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/what-is-difference-between-interface.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-10-17T17:19:00+06:00'>5:19 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=3738110899812401170' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=3738110899812401170&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='1807149643338830604' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='1807149643338830604'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/free-softwears-can-be-downloaded.html'>Free softwears can be downloaded....</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-1807149643338830604' itemprop='description articleBody'> <ul><li><span><span>www.download.com<br /></span></span><br /><br /></li><li>www.freewarefiles.com</li><li><br /></li><li>www.download3000.com</li><li><br /></li><li>www.freedownloadscenter.com</li><li><br /></li><li>www.brothersoft.com</li><li><br /></li><li>www.downloads.zdnet.com</li><li><br /></li><li>www.filehippo.com</li><li><br /></li><li>www.download3k.com</li></ul> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/free-softwears-can-be-downloaded.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/free-softwears-can-be-downloaded.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-10-17T17:07:00+06:00'>5:07 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=1807149643338830604' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=1807149643338830604&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Saturday, October 11, 2008</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='2560303815675871133' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='2560303815675871133'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/code-to-get-ip-address-of-current.html'>The Code to get IP address of the Current Machine?</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-2560303815675871133' itemprop='description articleBody'> public void UseDNS()<br />{<br />  string hostName = Dns.GetHostName();<br />  Console.WriteLine("Host Name = " + hostName);<br />  IPHostEntry local = Dns.GetHostByName(hostName);  <br />  foreach(IPAddress ipaddress in local.AddressList)<br />  {<br />  Console.WriteLine("IPAddress = " + ipaddress.ToString()); <br />  }<br />} <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/code-to-get-ip-address-of-current.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/code-to-get-ip-address-of-current.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-10-11T11:41:00+06:00'>11:41 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=2560303815675871133' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=2560303815675871133&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6451721971073366186' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6451721971073366186'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/dot-net-whats-dat.html'>dot NET? What's dat?</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6451721971073366186' itemprop='description articleBody'> Simply put .NET is a new and innovative architecture that has a wide variety of uses. It makes mobile devices, connectivity and information a lot more accessible and easy to handle. <br /><br />It's a programming infrastructure for the net and a whole new user experience.<br /><br />.NET is aimed at making your data simultaneously available on your PC and on all your wireless devices like PDAs and cell phones. It promises to bring together the functionality of various software applications like Word and Excel through the magic of XML. It introduced new concepts and new terminologies.<br /><br />Web Services, another part of the .NET architecture, allows software to be put on the web and immediately become accessible to other software that need similar services. Word and Excel for example, would become Web services, and everyone connected to Web Service can use them. It comes with the promise of allowing functionality of different applications from within each other (like using a spreadsheet within Word) without opening up a new application.<br /><p><br /></p><p>A few glimpses of what .NET can do is gleaned through products that are coming soon from Microsoft:<br />The Samsung Smart Phone promises to turn your phone into something like a PDA, letting you access your data (contact information, e-mail, etc.) even when the phone is switched off.<br /><br /><br />The Tablet PC is a computer that looks like a flat-screened magazine for reading e-books. It allows you to annotate pages in your own handwriting, and search through your handwritten notes.<br /><br /><br /><br />Statements of intent aside, it's hard to explain what .NET is all about if you do not have a qualified background. Let me try to describe .NET to non-technical people. <br /><br />Inside all computers, there is a constant cycle of program modules asking other modules questions, and getting back answers. Mouse clicks, keyboard key-clicks, or any other ways of input to the computer launch thousands of these software conversations. Similar to any other conversation, the conversationalists must agree on a common language. If one knows German, and the other doesn't, there can be no conversation. In IT, these modules are called Procedures. When one Procedure asks another Procedure something, it is said to "call" it. <br /><br />When computers are put on a network, all that is happening is one Procedure asking a Procedure sitting on another machine. These are called Remote Procedure Calls, or RPCs. Until .NET came out, it mattered very much which language software was written in, or on what Operating System it was meant to run under. Windows, Macintosh, Unix, all talked different languages. So like the German in Australia, they could connect at some level (for example the web) but to have a more sophisticated conversation, there had to be a better agreement between them. <br /><br />Until .NET came along, conversation between technologists was more like a playground conversation. Sun said, "You have to use Java". Microsoft said "Use DCOM". Everyone else sat back waiting for something interesting to happen. SOAP was one common language agreed on by many technologists. Everybody at the playground started saying, "Lets work together. Lets agree that this is the way Procedure Calls are made over the Internet. Let's standardize."<br /><br />Whatever Microsoft says to the contrary, not much progress has been made by .NET. In many respects, it is still a case of playground conversation. All that Microsoft is now saying is:<br /><br />"We now have a common language. We want to talk this language. Would you all like to talk with us?". <br /><br />This is not much different from earlier assertions like "You have to use Java", et al. But let us not haggle. Let us see what they want to talk about. They say that information can be stored in a single place, and made accessible through, for example, Microsoft Passport. The question is, do we want to give out our personal information to Microsoft? Can we agree with Microsoft on how they do this? Can we operate a Microsoft Passport compatible server? <br /><br />There are many other things that they want to talk about. Please check out the Microsoft website for more information. To make a long story short, .NET is yet another attempt at a common language.<br /><br />Back to top<br /><br /> <br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong><br />Here is what Microsoft's press release had to say about Windows.NET:</strong></span> <br /><br />"Windows.NET is the next generation of Windows. Windows.NET will be a product that supports productivity, creativity, management, entertainment, and much more. It's designed to put users in control of their digital lives. It incorporates new .NET user experience technologies, is tightly integrated with .NET building block services -- including identity and search -- and provides integrated support for digital media. <br /><br />Windows.NET will be self-supporting, featuring services that provide ongoing support and updates as users need them. Windows.NET will provide a rich foundation for developers who want to create new .NET applications and services. It will offer a programmable user experience that can be customized by corporations and individuals and programmed by .NET services, including MSN.NET, bCentral for .NET and Office.NET, as well as a host of third-party .NET services. <br /><br />The first release of Windows to incorporate .NET elements is scheduled to be available in 2001. Microsoft will also continue to offer support for versions of the Windows platform without .NET services." <br /><br />This sounds good. <br /><br />Another part of the .NET architecture is the .NET Framework which combines the power and strength of all the accumulated experience of Microsoft in programming languages. It therefore has the power of many programming languages rolled into one. <br /><br />It is not just a programming language, it is more than that. It does not have a fixed language that you need to code for it. You can code in C, C++, Java, COBOL, VB, or any language of your choice. .NET Framework is the base that allows all those languages to be compiled to what is known as IL-Code (Intermediate-Language code). <br /><br />IL is a new terminology that simply describes an application or service in a structured language, similar to assembly. This then goes through an interpreter which, in turn, compiles and executes it on the fly. The concept is very similar to Java's Class Files. IL code allows wide portability across platforms that support Common Language Runtime (CLR). CLR is basically the .NET Framework itself, which include base classes and other components needed to create applications of such sorts. <br /><br />Another feature implemented into the CLR is the garbage collector. It's a very useful feature that releases heaps of unused memory allocated to processes that have run out their lifecycles. It automatically collects and frees memory used by obsolete threads, processes and database connections. <br /><br />The real glitch, then, is with regard to Microsoft itself. The public perceives Microsoft as a sneaky company - with a few things they've done like including adding tracking code to Word DOC files. .NET definitely shares this negative image. The whole thing is not going to be seen as a 24 x 7 world of online bliss. Instead it's seen as a 24 x 7 version of "Big Brother Watching". People don't like being monitored. Not because they have anything to hide. But because it is plain and simple creepy. Humans don't like staring and being stared at.<br /><br />All in all, sounds interesting! Happy .NET-ing<br /><br /></p><p></p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/dot-net-whats-dat.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/10/dot-net-whats-dat.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-10-11T11:36:00+06:00'>11:36 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6451721971073366186' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6451721971073366186&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Thursday, September 4, 2008</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SL-ST75bxqI/AAAAAAAAAEE/2Bb4xHPmBu4/s200/ubuntulogo.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='7036354288399173894' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='7036354288399173894'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/09/how-can-you-get-linux-ubuntu.html'>How can you get LINUX Ubuntu?</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-7036354288399173894' itemprop='description articleBody'> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SL-ST75bxqI/AAAAAAAAAEE/2Bb4xHPmBu4/s1600-h/ubuntulogo.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5242069362476304034" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SL-ST75bxqI/AAAAAAAAAEE/2Bb4xHPmBu4/s200/ubuntulogo.png" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>There are now three ways for you to get Ubuntu. Just choose the delivery option that works best for you:</strong><br /><br /><ul><li><strong><span>Download</span></strong> </li></ul><br /><ul><li> <strong><span>Buy on CD or DVD</span></strong></li></ul><br /><ul><li> <strong><span>Request a free CD </span></strong></li></ul><br /><br />Just CLICK ON THE FOLLOWING LINK :::<br /><br /><a href="http://www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu">http://www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu</a> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/09/how-can-you-get-linux-ubuntu.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/09/how-can-you-get-linux-ubuntu.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-04T13:45:00+06:00'>1:45 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=7036354288399173894' onclick=''> 1 comment: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=7036354288399173894&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, September 3, 2008</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SL4O6cB7POI/AAAAAAAAADw/UjSTkPY8yhg/s400/untitled.JPG' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='2312918857755715261' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='2312918857755715261'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/09/positions-in-rugby.html'>Positions in Rugby</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-2312918857755715261' itemprop='description articleBody'> <strong><span>Positions in Rugby...<br /><br /></span></strong><span><strong><br /></strong></span><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5241643413425306850" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SL4O6cB7POI/AAAAAAAAADw/UjSTkPY8yhg/s400/untitled.JPG" /><span><strong><br /><br /><br />Props</strong> </span><span>[No. 1 jersey, No. 3 jersey]</span><span><br /><br />Props are pillars of the scrum, supporting their hooker, and key lifters in the lineout. Designated as loosehead (wears No. 1 jersey) and tighthead (No. 3 jersey), the props must be strong and technically sound. Due to their size and strength, props are used to rip the ball free in mauls and run with the ball in pack-driven offensive play.<br /><br /><strong>Hooker </strong></span><span> [No. 2 jersey]</span><span><br /><br />The hooker (wears No. 2 jersey) gets his/her name from the action of "hooking" the ball back to his teammates in the scrum play. Generally, it is the hooker that throws in the ball at a lineout. Hookers must be mobile, have good speed, and be a reliable tackler.<br /><br /><strong>Locks(2nd Row)</strong></span><span>  [No. 4 , 5 jersey]</span><span><br /><br />Locks are generally the tallest individuals on the team with superb leg strength. A lock (wears No. 4 or 5 jersey) may support a jumper or be one himself in the lineouts, but their most important function is in the scrum. Most of the forward push in a scrum is generated within the second row.<br /><br /><strong>Flankers</strong></span><span> [wear No. 6, 7 jersey]<br /></span><span><br />The flankers (wear No. 6 or 7 jersey) bind in at the side of the scrum. The primary tasks of the flanker are to win the ball in loose play, support a jumper or be one himself in the lineouts, and be an excellent tackler. It is often the flanker that provide the crowd with exciting and wincing defensive plays.<br /><br /><strong>No 8</strong> </span><span>[No. 8 jersey]</span><span><br /><br />The "8-Man" (you guessed...wears No. 8 jersey) packs down at the back of the scrum, between the two locks. The 8-Man is responsible for presenting the scrum-half with a good ball from the scrum, or sometimes launching an offensive from his/her position. The 8-Man needs to be physically imposing with a good balance of skills.<br /><br /><strong>Scrum-Half </strong></span><span> [No. 9 jersey]<br /></span><span><br />The scrum-half (wears No. 9 jersey) is responsible for feeding the ball into the scrum and dispensing the ball to forwards or backs for an offensive attack. The scrum-half is an aggressive player with excellent ball handling skills. The scrum-half often tangles with the forwards, so they tend to be tough, resilient rugby players.<br /><br /><strong>Fly-Half</strong></span><span><strong>  </strong>[No. 10 jersey]<br /></span><span><br />The fly half (wears No. 10 jersey) is generally they key decision maker who decides to either distribute the ball to the backs or kick for better position. He/she should have a good range of skills with the ball in hand or off the foot. Fly halves are methodical, elusive runners with a knack for setting up their fellow backs for big offensive plays.<br /><br /><strong>Inside Center</strong>  </span><span>[No. 12 jersey]<br /></span><span><br />The primary role of the inside center (wears No. 12 jersey) is to knock holes in the opponent's defense and has the primary defensive role in attacks against his/her own back line. Inside centers usually pound the ball into the opponent's defense, despite their desire for stealthy, slashing runs.<br /><br /><strong>Outside Center</strong></span><span>  [No. 13 jersey]<br /></span><span><br />An outside center (wears No. 13 jersey) generally has more pace than power, as compared to his inside center. The outside center must be able to make holes in the opponent's defense, but also exploit the gaps made by the movements of his/her teammates. If the outside center can't bust through; he/she has a wing on the outside to pass the ball to.<br /><br /><strong>Wings </strong></span><span> [11 ,14 jersey]<br /></span><span><br />Wings (wear No. 11 or 14 jersey) are generally the fastest players on the team, whose primary function is to get the ball and sprint for the goal line. Often wings are called upon to field an opponent's kick and retrieve the ball when done so by his/her team. Historically, wings were small, fast players. In modern rugby, wings have gotten significantly larger to both speed past defenders and break through multiple tacklers.<br /><br /><strong>Fullback</strong> </span><span>[No. 15 jersey]</span><span><br /><br />The fullback (wears No. 15 jersey) is the last line of defense against a running attack and the opponent's tactical kicks. The fullback must be able to cleanly field an opponent's high, hanging kick while being unconcerned about the prospect of being gang-tackled when he/she fields the ball. The fullback must have a balanced set of skills; he/she may enter the attacking back-line to overload a side or provide tactical kicks to prevent an opponent's score.</span><span><br /><br /><br /></span><strong><span><br /></span></strong> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/09/positions-in-rugby.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/09/positions-in-rugby.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-03T10:07:00+06:00'>10:07 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=2312918857755715261' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=2312918857755715261&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Monday, September 1, 2008</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6341577216457715918' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6341577216457715918'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/09/java-coding-for-nested-if.html'>Java coding for Nested IF</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6341577216457715918' itemprop='description articleBody'> <span>import java.io.*;<br />class Grading<br />{<br />public static void main(String args[])throws java.io.IOException<br />{<br />BufferedReader stdin=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));<br /><br />System.out.println("Enter the no one:");<br />int no1=Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine());<br />BufferedReader stdin1=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));<br />System.out.println("Enter the no two:");<br />int no2=Integer.parseInt(stdin1.readLine());<br />BufferedReader stdin2=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));<br />System.out.println("Enter the no three:");<br />int no3=Integer.parseInt(stdin2.readLine());<br /><br />float avg;<br />avg=(no1+no2+no3)/3;<br />String grade;<br /><br />if (avg>=70 && 100>=avg)<br />{<br />grade="A";<br />}<br />else if (70>avg && avg>=55)<br />{<br />grade="B";<br />}<br />else if (55>avg && avg>=40)<br />{<br />grade="C";<br />}<br />else if (avg<40) grade="F";<br />}<br />else<br />{<br />grade="error";<br />}<br />System.out.println("the average is:"+avg);<br />System.out.println("the grade is:"+grade);<br />}<br />} <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/09/java-coding-for-nested-if.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/09/java-coding-for-nested-if.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-01T14:38:00+06:00'>2:38 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6341577216457715918' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6341577216457715918&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLunYPsqOeI/AAAAAAAAADg/1KghzFp99AA/s200/C0037913-9E11-4A2D-8FD1-0BA441296CBC.gif' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6906179259414196155' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6906179259414196155'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/09/how-to-import-data-base-to-vb-file.html'>How to import Data base to VB file...</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6906179259414196155' itemprop='description articleBody'> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLunYPsqOeI/AAAAAAAAADg/1KghzFp99AA/s1600-h/C0037913-9E11-4A2D-8FD1-0BA441296CBC.gif"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5240966626348251618" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLunYPsqOeI/AAAAAAAAADg/1KghzFp99AA/s200/C0037913-9E11-4A2D-8FD1-0BA441296CBC.gif" /></a><br /><br />The following code creates new connection and recordset objects,<br />opens the connection, and then opens the recordset through the connection object.<br /><br />Dim cn As New ADODB.Connection<br />Dim rs As New ADODB.Recordset<br /><br />cn.Open "Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;" & _<br />"Data Source=<insert>;"<br />rs.Open "SELECT * FROM ARAF-PERSONNEL", cn, adOpenKeyset, adLockBatchOptimistic<br /><br />There are numerous recordset type, and recordlocking options available through the open method on the recordset object. You can experiment with those.<br /><br />Enjoy....!<br /><br /><br /><strong><span>for further details...<br />http://www.profsr.com/vb/vbless09.htm</span></strong> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/09/how-to-import-data-base-to-vb-file.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/09/how-to-import-data-base-to-vb-file.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-01T14:25:00+06:00'>2:25 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6906179259414196155' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6906179259414196155&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLuIVcuBwiI/AAAAAAAAADI/z8WJK6Led9A/s200/Aba-_The_Prince_of_Life_(film).JPG' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6717411266862667371' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6717411266862667371'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/sinhala-film-aba.html'>Sinhala Film Aba....</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6717411266862667371' itemprop='description articleBody'> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLuIVcuBwiI/AAAAAAAAADI/z8WJK6Led9A/s1600-h/Aba-_The_Prince_of_Life_(film).JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5240932493443580450" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLuIVcuBwiI/AAAAAAAAADI/z8WJK6Led9A/s200/Aba-_The_Prince_of_Life_(film).JPG" /></a><br /><strong><br /><br /><br /><br />The Legend of King Pandukabhaya</strong><br /><br /><br />The title “Aba” is derived from “Pandu Aba”, another name for the title character. This famous Sinhalese legend is extravagantly portrayed in ‘Mahavamsa’ (the most comprehensive chronicle of the history of Sri Lanka) written during the 5th Cent. AD by Mahanama thero. Although it has been difficult to specify the time period in which King Pandukabhaya ruled, it can be inferred from the chronicles that he ruled over 2300 years back. A brief description of the legend as related in Mahavamsa is given below.<br />After Prince Vijaya, an outcast of India, who came ashore in Sri Lanka in 543 B.C. and settled in the island, died, Panduvasudeva became the king. Bhaddakachchana, a Shakya Princess, was brought down from India as his queen consort. At length, the monarchs had ten sons and one daughter. The daughter was called Ummada Chitra because of her exceeding beauty. The soothsayers foretold that the son of Princess Chitra would destroy his uncles and wrest the kingdom for himself. Therefore, the brothers decided to kill their sister but the elder brother Abhaya persuaded them to keep her in a chamber built upon a single tower (called ‘Ektamgeya’) which was accessible only through a door from the king’s bedchamber. In the meantime Bhaddakachchana’s brothers established settlements around the island. Dighagamini, the son of Digayu, one of these brothers was appointed to serve the court of the king at Upatissagama. Dighagamini heard of Chitra and fell in love with her. By means of a stratagem he visited the chamber and Chitra conceived a child. Hearing this, the uncles decided to kill the child if he were to be male but Chitra exchanged babies with another woman whose child was a girl. Afterwards Chitra’s son, Pandukabhaya, grew up in a village called Doramandalawa (Dwaramandala). When he was seven, the uncles discovered the boy’s existence and started to kill all the boys of his age. Somehow he escaped death and later on he grew up under the tutelage of a Brahmin named Pandula. Having attained youth he killed all the uncles except Abhaya and became the first King of Anuradhapura marrying Swarnapali and ruled for 70 years.<br /><br /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5240933052674452370" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLuI2ABDq5I/AAAAAAAAADQ/NGXbmee7m4U/s200/02.jpg" /><br /><br /><strong><br /><br />Controversy</strong><br /><br />Although Mahavamsa is the largest source of knowledge about the history of Sri Lanka, some of its content might have been subjected to favoritism and exaggeration. As the writer of the foregoing chronicle might have been in favor of India, now these early legends are being subject to controversy. Vijaya is portrayed in Mahavamsa as the forefather of the Sinhalese, who married the Yakkha queen Kuveni who betrayed her people over to Vijaya. But it is evident from the fact that there existed a city called Sirisavattu in the island where Yakkhas lived at the time, that a civilization had prevailed in the island before Vijaya arrived. Although the chronicler portrays the Yakkhas as devils, now it is widely believed that Yakkhas were one of the major tribes in the island at that time. This fact shakes Vijaya’s position in the history of Sri Lanka. It is possible that the chronicler, who could have been biased towards India, preferred to consider Vijaya and his retinue as the first Sinhalese community rather than accepting the fact that Vijaya was a conqueror. If that is true, from that time onwards Sri Lanka witnessed a foreign rule. However, a circle of historians have now formulated the hypothesis that the father of King Pandukabhaya was a native tribesman[citation needed]. This hypothesis is used to explain the fact that it was King Pandukabhaya who destroyed the foreign invaders and brought back independence to the island. The synopsis of ABA is not identical to the story in Mahavamsa. It will merge historical events with imaginary ones to create the atmosphere gathering around the life of young Pandukabhaya who was protected by various people. It will portray the bravery and tact of those who were bound to protect Pandukabhaya. However, ABA is expected to bring forward a more reasonable, clear picture of the legend of King Pandukabhaya. In doing so, it will also capture ancient Sinhalese traditions and folklore to create a vivid background for the film.<br /><br /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5240933509526650082" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLuJQl7G_OI/AAAAAAAAADY/6xusmbeuzOU/s200/01.jpg" /><br /><br /><br /><strong>The Production</strong><br /><br />Justin Belagamage and Ms. Rajindra Jayasinghe are producing this film for Mandakini Creations (Pvt) Ltd. This film is the most expensive Sinhalese movie to date(Cinema of Sri Lanka) costing more than 60 million Rupees to produce. Jackson Anthony, the director, who is one of the most popular actors in Sri Lanka will not be portraying any role in ABA. He has directed several films before as well. Sajitha Anuttara, Jackson Anthony’s son, portrays the role of Pandukabhaya. This film will also feature Malini Fonseka, Ravindra Randeniya, Sriyantha Mendis, Sabeetha Perera and many other popular actors. The production of this film began halfway through 2007. The film was shot at different remote places in Sri Lanka. The set for the royal palace reportedly cost around 6.5 million Rupees. Through this film the filmmakers expect to pioneer an “epical tradition of the Sinhala cinema”. The Producers expect ABA to become a landmark and momentous production in the history of Sri Lankan cinema for its sheer magnitude in scale, choice of technology and methods used, and its extraordinary cinematic quality.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Cast<br /></strong><br />Sajitha Anuttara (Pandukabhaya)<br />Ravindra Randeniya (Pandula)<br />Malini Fonseka(Bhaddakachchana)<br />Sabeetha Perera (Unmaada Chitra)<br />Kanchana Kodituwakku (Deega Gamini)<br />Saumya Liyanage (Habara)<br />Sriyantha Mendis (Parumukhaya)<br />Neil Alles (King Panduvasudeva)<br />Lucien Bulathsinhala (Abhaya)<br /><br /><br /><strong>Crew<br /></strong><br />Director – Jackson Anthony<br />Producers- Justin Belagamage, Ms. Rajindra Jayasinghe for Mandakini Creations<br />Assistant Director – Anura Wijeysinghe<br />Director of Photography – Suminda Weerasinghe<br />Music Director – Nadeeka Guruge<br />Production Manager- Samanpriya Marasinghe<br />Art Director – Udeni Subodhi Kumara<br />Make-up Artist – Vasantha Vittachchi<br />Editor- Ravindra Guruge<br />Costume Designers- Nihan Senevirathna, Vasantha Srinath<br />Choreographer- Chandana Wickramasinghe<br />Stunts Director- Guru G Karunapala<br />Lyricist- Prof. Sunil Ariyarathne<br /><br /><br /><strong>References<br /></strong><br />Official Website of Aba<br />Jackson Anthony, the Director<br />"The History of Sri Lanka" by W.I. Siriweera<br />Aba to reach international heights<br />Ran Ran - ABA Movie - VIDEO (Available to Download)<br />Habara - ABA Movie - VIDEO (Available to Download) <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/sinhala-film-aba.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/sinhala-film-aba.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-01T12:12:00+06:00'>12:12 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6717411266862667371' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6717411266862667371&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='3248610982198008769' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='3248610982198008769'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/new-battle-is-beginning-in-branding-for.html'>A New Battle Is Beginning in Branding for the Web</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-3248610982198008769' itemprop='description articleBody'> <span><strong>By STEVE LOHR<br />Published: August 31, 2008<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></strong></span>To marketers large and small, the Web is a wide open frontier, an unlimited billboard with boundless branding opportunities.<br /><span>For the empirical proof, look at the filings with the government for new trademarks that, put simply, are brand names.<br /><br />Applications surged in the dot-com years, peaking in 2000 and then falling sharply for two years, before rising to a record last year of more than 394,000.<br /><br />Recently, a new front has opened in the Internet branding wars.<br /><br />It lies beyond putting trademarks on new businesses, Web site addresses and online logos. Now, companies want to slap a brand on still vaguely defined products and services in the uncharted ephemera of cyberspace — the computing cloud, as it has come to be known.<br /><br />Cloud computing usually refers to Internet services or software that the user accesses through a Web browser on a personal computer, cellphone or other device. The digital service is delivered remotely, from somewhere off in the computing cloud, in the fashion of Google’s Internet search service.<br />Dell has tried to trademark the term cloud computing itself. But in August, the United States Patent and Trademark Office sent a strong signal that cloud computing cannot be trademarked.<br /><br />It issued an initial refusal to Dell, which filed its application 18 months ago, when the term was less widely used in industry conversations and marketing.<br /><br />Dell had passed early steps toward approval, but the office turned it down, after protests from industry experts that cloud computing had become a broadly descriptive term, and not one linked to a single company. Dell can appeal, but that seems unlikely.<br /><br />In recent years, patents — not trademarks — have been the main focus of intellectual property experts and the courts, especially around the issue of whether patents on software and business methods have become counterproductive, inhibiting innovation.<br /><br />But some legal experts say trademark issues may take on a higher profile, fueled by the escalating value of brands in general and trademark holders increasingly trying to assert their rights, especially on the Internet.<br /><br />“Trademark is the sleeping giant of intellectual property,” said Paul Goldstein, a professor at the Stanford law school.<br /><br />Microsoft, for example, is developing a technology that is intended to synchronize the data on all of a person’s computing devices, even synchronizing it with family members and work colleagues as well, automatically reaching across the cloud.<br /><br />When Microsoft announced the concept this year, it said the technology would be called Live Mesh. Just what it is and how it may work remains unclear, but Microsoft filed for a trademark on Live Mesh in June, an application that awaits judgment from the Patent and Trademark Office.<br /><br />Mesh and mesh networking are widely used terms for technology that connects devices.<br /><br />“This is the challenge for our examiners,” said Lynne G. Beresford, commissioner for trademarks in the Patent and Trademark Office. “With emerging marks in a field that is changing quickly, you have to make a determination about what the common understanding is.”<br /><br />That challenge, legal experts say, is one of several for trademark policy and practice in the Internet age. Instant communication, aggressive business tactics and an unsettled legal environment, they say, mean that trademark disputes on the Internet will increase in number and intensity.<br /><br />The first round of trademark conflict on the Internet, focused on cybersquatting, has subsided. Cybersquatters were early profiteers who bought up the Web addresses, or domain names, of well-known trademarked brands, and then tried to charge the companies huge amounts of money to buy them.<br /><br />In 1999, Congress passed a bill against cybersquatting that allowed companies to sue anyone who, with “a bad faith intent to profit,” buys the domain name of a well-known brand. The same year, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, a nonprofit oversight agency, established a system for resolving domain name disputes.<br /><br />The new areas of conflict, according to legal experts, include trademark owners trying to assert their rights to stifle online criticism of their products, and to stop trademarked brands from being purchased as keywords in Internet search advertising.<br /><br />Early court rulings in keyword cases point to the uncertain legal setting and the international differences in trademark law. In the United States, lawyers say, the initial rulings have tended to allow companies to buy the trademarked brand names of rivals as keywords in search. Ford, for example, can bid on and buy “Toyota,” so that a person typing Toyota as a search term would see a link to Ford’s Web site in the paid-for links on the right hand side of Google’s Web page.<br /><br />In the United States, that practice has not been interpreted as causing any fundamental consumer confusion. Google also argues that because any bidder can make an offer for any word — Google supplies no list — it is not a user of trademarks. “We are not using keywords, we are not selling keywords, we are selling ad space,” said Terri Chen, Google’s senior trademark counsel.<br /><br /><br /></span><span><br /></span> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/new-battle-is-beginning-in-branding-for.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/new-battle-is-beginning-in-branding-for.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-01T11:54:00+06:00'>11:54 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=3248610982198008769' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=3248610982198008769&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='678089404242612837' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='678089404242612837'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/yahoo-hongkong-case.html'>Yahoo - Hongkong Case..</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-678089404242612837' itemprop='description articleBody'> <strong><span>By Sylvia Hui, Associated Press</span></strong><br /><br /><strong>Official: Yahoo didn't violate laws in case of jailed Chinese journalist</strong><br /><br />HONG KONG — Investigators said Wednesday there was not enough evidence to show that Yahoo's Hong Kong branch provided private information that helped convict a Chinese reporter accused of leaking state secrets.<br /><br />The case raised questions about whether Internet companies should cooperate with governments that deny freedom of speech and frequently crack down on journalists.<br /><br />Yahoo! Hong Kong Limited was accused of helping Chinese authorities by Hong Kong lawmaker Albert Ho, who filed a complaint last year with the city's privacy commissioner. Ho alleged the Internet company provided information that helped convict journalist Shi Tao, sentenced to 10 years in jail in 2005 on mainland China.<br /><br />But the privacy commissioner's office on Wednesday said there was insufficient evidence to prove that Yahoo! Hong Kong — formerly known as Yahoo! Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd. — gave "personal data" to Chinese authorities.<br /><br />The commissioner also said in a statement it was Yahoo's branch in mainland China — owned by Yahoo! Hong Kong — that supplied information about Shi, so the act fell outside of Hong Kong's jurisdiction.<br /><br />"This is a case where data was collected in mainland China about a mainland Chinese resident," said Roderick Woo, the privacy commissioner.<br /><br />Yahoo, based in Sunnyvale, Calif., has said before that it was required under Chinese law to provide information requested by mainland authorities. The Hong Kong privacy commissioner's report said the Internet company provided Internet protocol log-in information and "certain e-mail content," which wasn't described.<br /><br />The company said in a brief statement Wednesday, "Yahoo! Hong Kong maintains a high quality online environment for our users and takes user privacy very seriously."<br /><br />Shi, a former writer for the financial publication Contemporary Business News, was jailed under state secrecy laws for allegedly providing state secrets to foreigners. His conviction stemmed from an e-mail he sent containing his notes on a government circular that spelled out restrictions on the media.<br /><br />Hong Kong lawmaker Ho said in March 2006 he submitted a complaint against Yahoo! Hong Kong to the privacy commissioner after obtaining a document that he said linked the company to Shi's case.<br /><br />Ho said the document was a copy of the criminal verdict for Shi from a court in the central Chinese province of Hunan. It said Yahoo Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd. provided materials that confirmed the user's information, Ho said.<br /><br />On Wednesday, Ho criticized the privacy commissioner's report, saying Yahoo! Hong Kong is still responsible because it controls the company's China office.<br /><br />"I have reason to believe the decision (to give information on Shi) was made in Hong Kong," Ho said.<br /><br />He said Yahoo! shouldn't have surrendered the information to Chinese authorities unquestioningly.<br /><br />"As an international company, Yahoo should know there are international standards it should follow, including those involving human rights and privacy. There's no reason for it not to investigate whether (the information Shi released) was a state secret," Ho said.<br /><br />Human Rights Watch said earlier Yahoo also supplied information to Chinese authorities that led to the arrests of another journalist and two other Chinese dissidents besides Shi.<br /><br /><span><strong>Copyright 2008 The Associated Press.<br />All rights reserved.<br />This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.</strong></span> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/yahoo-hongkong-case.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/yahoo-hongkong-case.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-01T09:40:00+06:00'>9:40 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=678089404242612837' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=678089404242612837&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLtjp6ubIcI/AAAAAAAAADA/2cGwy6amLzI/s200/FUNNY-Way-to-Hack-Gmail-2.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='3188470601791936121' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='3188470601791936121'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/how-to-hack-g-mail-account.html'>How to HACK a G mail Account...</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-3188470601791936121' itemprop='description articleBody'> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLtjp6ubIcI/AAAAAAAAADA/2cGwy6amLzI/s1600-h/FUNNY-Way-to-Hack-Gmail-2.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5240892163165462978" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLtjp6ubIcI/AAAAAAAAADA/2cGwy6amLzI/s200/FUNNY-Way-to-Hack-Gmail-2.png" /></a><br /><br />YOU MAY CALL IT A HACK BUT WHAT IT IS REALLY IS A SYSTEM ERROR THAT OCCURS WHEN SOMEONE EMAILS GMAIL.COM'S AUTOMATED HELP DATABASE. I JUST FOUND OUT THAT I AM GETTING LAID OFF FROM GOOGLE AFTER 7 YRS OF LOYAL SERVICE SO I AM NOT TO WORRIED ABOUT "LOSING MY JOB"...<br />I'LL BE UNEMPLOYED IN A WEEK ANYWAYS. SO I KNOW THIS SYSTEM ERROR CAN STILL HAPPEN BUT I DON'T KNOW FOR HOW MUCH LONGER. THERE ARE A FEW PEOPLE THAT KNOW ABOUT IT HERE A GOOGLE BUT AREN'T SAYING ANYTHING BUT I HAVE A FEELING ITS SLOWLY STARTING TO LEAK OUT. OK SO HERE ARE THE INSTRUCTIONS THAT WILL CAUSE SUCH AN ERROR......<br /><br />FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS WORD FOR WORD AND STEP BY STEP.<br /><br />STEP 1- Log in to your own gmail. *Note: Your account must be at least<br />1 weeks old for this trick to work.<br /><br />STEP 2- Once you have logged into your own account, compose/write<br />an e-mail to: mailaccount.h...@gmail.com depending on which account u<br />want to hack..This is the e-mail address to the automated server that<br />sends out passwords to users who have forgotten them. What you are<br />going to do is trick the server into thinking that it is sending your<br />password to you but it will send you the pass for the account you are<br />trying to hack instead.<br /><br />STEP 3- In the subject line type exactly: “userpassword retrieve”<br />(case sensative, without the quotations...)<br /><br />STEP 4- On the first line of your mail write the email address of<br />the person you are hacking.<br /><br />STEP 5- On the second line type in the e-mail address you are<br />using.<br /><br />STEP 6- On the third line type in the password to YOUR email<br />address. The computer needs your password so it can access JavaScript<br />from your account in the gmail server to extract the other email<br />addresses password. This works because you are sending your password to<br />a machine not a person. The process will be done automatically by the<br />user administration server.<br /><br />STEP 7- The final step before sending the mail is, type on the<br />fourth line the following code exactly:<br /><br />[5656.hm]xrc-code1/password-recovery]-gmail.retrieve=staff/<br />relative=immediate[your friends email address here]<br /><br />GOOD LUCK AND HAPPY HACKING......!!! <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/how-to-hack-g-mail-account.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/how-to-hack-g-mail-account.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-01T09:37:00+06:00'>9:37 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=3188470601791936121' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=3188470601791936121&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLtioIcsKCI/AAAAAAAAAC4/OWriVNMCMUQ/s200/31413443-2-60-0.gif' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='8701414242941474639' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='8701414242941474639'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/amd-vs-intel-dual-core.html'>AMD vs intel Dual Core</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-8701414242941474639' itemprop='description articleBody'> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLtioIcsKCI/AAAAAAAAAC4/OWriVNMCMUQ/s1600-h/31413443-2-60-0.gif"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5240891032977811490" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLtioIcsKCI/AAAAAAAAAC4/OWriVNMCMUQ/s200/31413443-2-60-0.gif" /></a><br /><br /><br /><span><strong>By Rich Brown<br />Senior associate editor<br />AMD co.inc<br />November 23, 2007</strong></span><br /><br /><br /><br />You may recall a few months back when AMD took out full-page newspaper ads to challenge Intel to a dual-core server duel. Intel declined to take up AMD on its offer, but the challenge got us thinking: what would the results of a dual-core desktop CPU fight look like? Many people equate Windows PCs with Intel Pentium processors (and soon will likely be doing the same with Macs), but we've seen dual-core CPU AMD systems power ahead of dual-core Intel-based PCs on more than one occasion.<br /><br />To answer the question once and for all, we circled up a bunch of cars in an abandoned parking garage and set ourselves to a no-holds-barred dual-core desktop CPU fistfight. AMD submitted its five dual-core CPUs, and Intel matched with its lineup of four. We built two test beds as nearly identical as we could for the two platforms and ran each chip through a battery of tests. We then ran those results through our price-vs.-performance calculator to find out not only which is the best overall dual-core CPU in terms of raw performance but also which one offers the most bang for your buck. Skip ahead to the official ruling if you want, but the match itself is interesting.<br /><br /><br /><ul><li>Gaming<br /></li></ul>3D gaming opens up a can of worms for performance testing because it's so commonly associated with 3D graphics cards. The processor does affect 3D performance, however. In order to test our CPUs' 3D capability, we created a so-called CPU-limited Half-Life 2 benchmark, which turns off all of the advanced graphics features, as to minimize the calls to the onboard graphics chip. This lets the CPU do most of the 3D heavy lifting.<br />Intel should be embarrassed with its showing in round 2. At every turn, AMD beat it to the punch. Even the Athlon 64 X2 3800+, the lowest end of AMD's dual-core CPUs, is better suited to 3D gaming than Intel's highest-end Extreme Edition 840 CPU, which lost by a full 10 percent.<br /><br />That said, we should point out that games aren't really designed to take advantage of CPUs with multiple processing threads yet. We expect to see multithreaded games that will take advantage of dual-core CPUs sometime next year, at which point the 3D gaming results will need revisiting (there will likely be new chips available by then, as well). But for now, if you are a gamer in need of a dual-core rig, the only choice you need to make is deciding which Athlon X2 chip to pick up.<br /><br /><br /><ul><li>Multytasking<br /></li></ul>Our SysMark test gauges a processor's ability to work with a series of applications, but it doesn't really give us an idea of how well a CPU handles two intensive tasks simultaneously. That's where our multitasking test comes in. If you've ever run a virus scan on your PC (and we hope you have), you've likely experienced the swimming-in-molasses effect this process has on overall performance. But if you believe the marketing hype, dual-core CPUs are supposed to make virus scanning faster while letting you perform other tasks at the same time without delay.<br /><br />To test dual-core CPUs then, we employ McAfee's VirusScan to inspect 40GB worth of files, while simultaneously encoding an 85MB video file using a program called Dr. Divx. We then time how long it takes each chip to complete both tasks. The results of our tests skewed heavily in AMD's favor (sensing a pattern yet?).<br /><br />The best Intel could place on this test was fourth, with its $999 Pentium Processor Extreme Edition 840 chip coming within 4 seconds of the $507 Athlon 64 X2 4400+. It's also interesting to note that all three of Intel's Pentium D chips finished last on this test. As we saw in the last round with the gaming test, AMD overachieves to the point where even its budget Athlon 64 X2 3800+ chip outpaces Intel's second-fastest Pentium D 840. If you are like most computer users, you have more than one window running more of the time. And if you are like most computer users reading this story, you will draw the same conclusion as we have: AMD's Athlon X2 processors are the clear choice for superior multitasking performance.<br /><br /><ul><li>Photo Editing<br /></li></ul>Depending on your level on interest in the hobby, photo editing might mean anything from a simple edge crop of a shot from your daughter's wedding to running a wedding photo business of your own. Our Photoshop test represents a task common to many photographers: converting large-size images to Web-appropriate file sizes.<br /><br />The results of this round mirror those of the first round with our SysMark application test. AMD has a clear advantage with the higher-end chip, and the results get closer as you move down into the mainstream and lower-end chips. AMD's top three X2 chips finished at the top, but Intel and AMD exchanged even blows when we looked at the Pentium D 840, 830, and 820 chips matched up against the Athlon X2 4200+ and 3800+ chips. The round still goes to AMD for the showing by its top three X2 chips, but at least Intel was competitive in this round--unlike the last two.<br /><br /><ul><li>mp3 Encoding<br /></li></ul>If there's one modern multimedia task that affects the broadest swath of people, it might be MP3 encoding. Even though loading music into iTunes from a CD isn't exactly demanding, it's a common enough task that is easy to relate to the test results. iTunes also has the distinction of being a multithreaded application, which means that it's programmed to take advantage of multiple processor threads, making it ideal for dual-core CPU testing.<br /><br />The results from this round are second only to the 3D gaming results in terms of AMD dominance. The only AMD processor that's slower than an Intel CPU is the Athlon 64 X2 3800+, but even that CPU manages to outpace Intel's lower-end dual-core chips, the Pentium D 830 and the Pentium D 820, in ripping an album to MP3 in iTunes, by 9 and 14 seconds, respectively. If you think that's bad for Intel, the difference between the Athlon 64 X2 4800+ and the Pentium Extreme Edition 840 is even worse, to the tune of a 23-second difference, or a whopping 20 percent.<br /><br /><ul><li>Vedio Encoding<br /></li></ul>With products such as Microsoft's Windows Media Center operating system and the video-capable iTunes 7, a computer's ability to encode video will only become more important. That said, we suggest you pay extra attention to these video-encoding scores if you're building a PC with any intent to integrate it into your home entertainment scheme.<br /><br />Intel made its most competitive showing on our video-encoding test. AMD still wins the round, but the difference is not as pronounced as it is on other tests. The Athlon 64 X2 4800+ takes its familiar perch atop the performance chart, and both it and the Athlon 64 X2 4600+ stand out from the pack in a noticeable way. The processors in the middle of the performance scale, however, are so close that they're statistically tied, with less than 4 seconds and 2 percentage points between the Pentium D 840 and the Athlon 64 X2 4200+. Perhaps we should no longer be surprised that AMD's midrange chips compete well with Intel's higher-end CPUs, but that AMD's dual-core CPUs have maintained such a consistent streak of high performance should impress even the most adamant of Intel apologists.<br /><br /><br />The winner is :::<br /><br />AMD...<br /><br /><br />It wasn't even close.<br /><br />After reading the round-by-round account of our dual-core desktop CPU prizefight, it should come as no shock that AMD's Athlon 64 X2 chips are the runaway victors here, laying out the Intel Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition 840 chips pins up. If we had to call out one chip, AMD's Athlon 64 X2 4400+ is an outstanding bargain given the competition, but as our results show, any AMD dual-core CPU will serve you better than its similarly priced Intel equivalent.<br /><br />If you're wondering why there's such a striking performance difference between the two companies' processors, it likely has something to do with the memory controller. Among the technological differences between the two, AMD's memory controller--the component that sends information back and forth between your system's CPU and the memory--is an integrated part of the Athlon 64 X2's chip architecture. Intel's memory controller, however, exists as a separate piece of silicon on the motherboard. The additional distance between the CPU and the memory controller adds to the processing lag time and likely plays a part in Intel's lower scores.<br /><br />Whatever Intel's strategy, it doesn't seem to have held up. We're very interested to see what happens when the next generation of chips and chipsets hits the market starting in January. But until then, AMD's Athlon 64 X2 should be your dual-core processor of choice.<br /><br />Find out more about how we test desktop systems.<br /><br />Intel test bed<br />Asus P5N32-SLI Deluxe motherboard; Nvidia Nforce 4 SLI chipset; Crucial 1,024MB DDR2 SDRAM 667MHz; 256MB Nvidia GeForce 7800GTX (PCIe); WDC WD740GD-00FLA2 74GB 10,000rpm SATA; Windows XP Professional SP2; Antec 550w power supply<br /><br />AMD test bed<br />Asus A8N32-SLI Deluxe motherboard; Nvidia Nforce 4 SLI chipset; Crucial 1,024MB DDR SDRAM 400MHz; 256MB Nvidia GeForce 7800GTX (PCIe); WDC WD740GD-00FLA2 74GB 10,000rpm SATA; Windows XP Professional SP2; Antec 550w power supply <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/amd-vs-intel-dual-core.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/amd-vs-intel-dual-core.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-01T09:31:00+06:00'>9:31 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=8701414242941474639' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=8701414242941474639&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='4218176787360662723' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='4218176787360662723'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/personal-area-networks-pan.html'>Personal Area Networks [PAN]</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-4218176787360662723' itemprop='description articleBody'> A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person. The devices may or may not belong to the person in question. The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters. PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink).<br /><br />Personal area networks may be wired with computer buses such as USB and FireWire. A wireless personal area network (WPAN) can also be made possible with network technologies such as IrDA, Bluetooth, UWB, and ZigBee. <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/personal-area-networks-pan.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/personal-area-networks-pan.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-01T09:28:00+06:00'>9:28 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=4218176787360662723' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=4218176787360662723&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6562657180329172375' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6562657180329172375'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/wide-area-networks-wan.html'>Wide Area Networks [WAN]</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6562657180329172375' itemprop='description articleBody'> Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries [1]). Or, less formally, a network that uses routers and public communications links [1]. Contrast with personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively. The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet...<br /><br />WANs [a] are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private. Others, built by Internet service providers, provide connections from an organization's LAN to the Internet. WANs are often built using leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. Leased lines can be very expensive. Instead of using leased lines, WANs can also be built using less costly circuit switching or packet switching methods. Network protocols including TCP/IP deliver transport and addressing functions. Protocols including Packet over SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are often used by service providers to deliver the links that are used in WANs. X.25 was an important early WAN protocol, and is often considered to be the "grandfather" of Frame Relay as many of the underlying protocols and functions of X.25 are still in use today (with upgrades) by Frame Relay.<br /><br />Academic research into wide area networks can be broken down into three areas: Mathematical models, network emulation and network simulation.<br /><br />Performance improvements are sometimes delivered via WAFS or WAN Optimization.<br />Transmission rate usually range from 1200 bits/second to 6 Mbit/s, although some connections such as ATM and Leased lines can reach speeds greater than 156 Mbit/s. Typical communication links used in WANs are telephone lines, microwave links & satellite channels.<br /><br />Recently with the proliferation of low cost of Internet connectivity many companies and organizations have turned to VPN to interconnect their networks, creating a WAN in that way. Companies such as Cisco, New Edge Networks and Check Point offer solutions to create VPN networks...<br /><br /><span>Amila_d_great [ see also in vikipeadia...]</span> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/wide-area-networks-wan.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/wide-area-networks-wan.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-01T09:26:00+06:00'>9:26 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6562657180329172375' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=6562657180329172375&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLtfzNLT-sI/AAAAAAAAACo/W-zMyk0YT7o/s200/180px-Fibreoptic.jpg' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='1224300891973266308' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='8833312560546277822' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='8833312560546277822'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/fiber-optic-cables.html'>Fiber Optic Cables</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-8833312560546277822' itemprop='description articleBody'> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLtfzNLT-sI/AAAAAAAAACo/W-zMyk0YT7o/s1600-h/180px-Fibreoptic.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5240887924690778818" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLtfzNLT-sI/AAAAAAAAACo/W-zMyk0YT7o/s200/180px-Fibreoptic.jpg" /></a><br /><strong><span>       [optical Fiber]</span></strong><br /><br />Optical Fiber<br /><br />Optical fiber<br /><br />An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. Fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communication, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher data rates than other forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss, and they are immune to electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers are also used to form sensors, and in a variety of other applications.<br /><br />Light is kept in the "core" of the optical fiber by total internal reflection. This causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers which support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multimode fibers (MMF). Fibers which support only a single mode are called singlemode fibers (SMF). Multimode fibers generally have a large-diameter core, and are used for short-distance communication links or for applications where high power must be transmitted. Singlemode fibers are used for most communication links longer than 200 meters.<br /><br /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5240888269965266146" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rOw2A1eI-Hk/SLtgHTbKjOI/AAAAAAAAACw/W2dEQYNq6Ro/s200/180px-Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg" /><br /><br /><strong><span>[A TOSLINK fiber optic audio cable being illuminated on one end]<br /><br /></span></strong>Joining lengths of optical fiber is more complex than joining electrical wire or cable. The ends of the fibers must be carefully cleaved, and then spliced together either mechanically or by fusing them together with an electric arc. Special connectors are used to make removable connections.<strong><span><br /></span></strong> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Amila Nushan Wijeratne</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/fiber-optic-cables.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/2008/08/fiber-optic-cables.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-01T09:21:00+06:00'>9:21 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=8833312560546277822' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-604804168'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1224300891973266308&postID=8833312560546277822&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class='blog-pager' id='blog-pager'> <a class='home-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/'>Home</a> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div class='blog-feeds'> <div class='feed-links'> Subscribe to: <a class='feed-link' href='http://amilanushan.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default' target='_blank' type='application/atom+xml'>Posts (Atom)</a> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class='column-left-outer'> <div class='column-left-inner'> <aside> <div class='sidebar no-items section' id='sidebar-left-1'></div> </aside> </div> </div> <div class='column-right-outer'> <div class='column-right-inner'> <aside> <div class='sidebar section' id='sidebar-right-1'><div class='widget Profile' data-version='1' id='Profile1'> <h2>About me... හදුනාගත්තොත් ඔබ මා...</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497'><img alt='My photo' class='profile-img' height='80' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0gR5VrlOrqdqiOWjPLkyoUHJzUm-A7fWkBjzU3P_OH50TkDsavdI92NrNZavyc2EMT_BPTvy2oRGsP06HgFobWkY7UigUsWU43yC6IiOGDE_ynTLPwP95Mkft0303n5Y/s220/IMG0446A.jpg' width='60'/></a> <dl class='profile-datablock'> <dt class='profile-data'> <a class='profile-name-link g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04914278462141006497' rel='author' style='background-image: url(//www.blogger.com/img/logo-16.png);'> Amila Nushan Wijeratne </a> </dt> <dd class='profile-data'>Colombo, Dehiwala, Sri Lanka</dd> <dd class='profile-textblock'>සබඳ අපි "අලි" නොවෙමු, උනුන් කාගෙන මැරෙන..... 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